of 


HOUSEHOLD 

of 

«cWw£Cpw 


BLUES  AND  CARMINES 


OF 


INDIGO: 

A  PRACTICAL  TREATISE 

ON   THE 

FABRICATION  OF  EVERY  COMMERCIAL  PRODUCT  DERIVED 
FROM  INDIGO, 


BY 

FELICIEff  CAPRON  DE  DOLE. 

a 

TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  FRENCH,  WITH  EXTENSIVE 
AND  IMPORTANT  ADDITIONS, 

BY 

Professor  H.  DUSSATTCE,  Chemist, 

Lately  of  the  Laboratories  of  tl«e  French  Government,  viz.,  the  Mining, 
Botanical  Garden,  the  Imperial  Manufacture  of  the  Gobelins, 
the  Conservatoire  Imperiale  of  Arts  and  Manufactures; 
Professor  of  Industrial  Chemistry  to  the  Poly- 
technic Institute,  Paris. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

HENRY   CAREY   BAIRD, 

INDUSTRIAL  PUBLISHER, 

406  Walnut  Street. 

1863. 


G3 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1863,  by 
HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD, 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  in 
and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


PHILADELPHIA : 
COLLINS,    PRINTER 


EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 


WE  designed,  when  commencing  the 
translation  of  this  book,  to  present  it  to 
the  public  without  material  change.  We 
found,  however,  in  the  prosecution  of  our 
labor,  that  the  French  work  was  too  in- 
complete to  be  of  much  utility  for  many 
for  whom  it  was  intended,  indeed  very 
few  would  have  been  benefited  by  its  pub- 
lication. We  have  endeavored,  there- 
fore, by  additions  and  changes,  to  render 
it  a  practical  work  not  only  for  manufac- 

731268 


iv  EDITOR'S  PREFACE. 

turers  of  carmine,  but  also  for  dyers, 
calico  printers,  manufacturers  of  blues 
and  colors,  wholesale  druggists,  etc.  etc. 

The  French  author  in  a  few  chapters, 
treats  only  of  the  fabrication  of  the  diffe- 
rent blues  and  carmines;  we  have  added 
a  complete  chemical  history  of  indigo, 
such  as  its  culture,  its  varieties,  chemical 
properties,  the  action  of  different  acids, 
the  preparation  of  the  most  important 
vats  and  their  uses  in  the  art  of  dyeing. 
We  close  the  work  with  a  complete  trea- 
tise on  the  commercial  assays  of  the 
different  kinds  of  indigo.  This  paper, 
never  before  published,  is  the  result  of 
our  own  experiments  during  an  entire 
year  devoted  to  the  subject  while  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  Manufacture  Imperiale 
des  Gobelins.  The  traders  in  indigo  will 


EDITOR'S  PEEFACE.  v 

be  benefited  by  some  of  the  assays  which 
give  the  best  methods  of  .analyzing  indigo. 
We  also  give  the  composition  of  thirty- 
eight  of  the  most  important  varieties. 
We  believe  these  additions  will  make  the 
present  the  most  complete  work  on  the 
subject  published  in  this  country,  and 
will  encourage  the  fabrication  of  a  sub- 
stance so  much  employed  by  dyers  and 
calico  printers,  and  which  we  have  been 
obliged  to  obtain  from  importers,  arid 
often  far  from  being  pure. 

THE  EDITOR. 

NEW  LEBANON,  N.  Y., 
July  6,  1863. 


1* 


AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION. 


THE  indigo  found  in  commerce  comes 
from  Egypt,  Madagascar,  and  the  East 
Indies ;  it  is  a  solid  matter,  insoluble  in 
water,  and  soluble  in  sulphuric  acid. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  indigo,  the 
principal  of  which  are  the  Java,  Guate- 
mala, Bengalis,  etc.  Preference  is  to  be 
given  to  the  one  which  has  a  violet  ap- 
pearance. 

It  is  only  since  about  the  end  of  the 
last  century  that  indigo  has  been  manu- 
factured, so  as  to  be  employed  advanta- 


viii  AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION. 

geously  in  giving  an  azure  color  to  linen 
and  woven  fabrics. 

The  author  of  this  discovery,  as  useful 
as  it  is  important,  is  unknown,  and  for 
that  reason,  several  manufacturers  have 
taken  to  themselves  the  credit  of  the 
invention. 

Before  the  use  of  indigo,  blues  manu- 
factured in  the  form  of  balls,  the  raw 
material  of  which  was  Spanish  or  Troyes 
chalk,  received  an  azure  color  by  addition 
of  Prussian  blue.  The  azure  produced 
by  Prussian  blue  damaged  the  linen  and 
woven  fabrics  by  reason  of  the  sulphate 
of  iron  that  is  contained  in  that  blue, 
which  soon  becomes  of  a  greenish  color ; 
then  occurred  the  discovery  of  the  car- 
mine of  indigo  used  for  dyeing,  and  for 
the  impression  of  cloth,  making  the  base 
of  the  stones,  cakes,  pastils,  blues,  etc.,  of 
the  Belarus  blues ,  and  of  the  soluble 
blues  now  circulating  in  the  trade. 


AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION.  ix 

There  are  three  kinds  of  blues  to  be 
distinguished  which  are  used  to  give  an 
azure  color  to  linen  and  woven  fabrics. 

They  are,  1st,  the  liquid  blues,  which 
are  nothing  else  but  a  sulphuric  solution 
of  indigo  mixed  with  water.  2d.  The 
blues  in  balls,  which  are  also  the  sul- 
phuric solution  of  indigo  triturated  with 
Spanish  chalk.  3.  And  the  blues  having 
for  basis  the  carmine  of  indigo  to  which 
is  mixed  some  fecula,  gum  in  powder, 
and  some  sulphate  of  potash,  the  last  sub- 
stance only  for  the  soluble  blue. 

Formerly  in  the  country  the  use  of  the 
different  kinds  of  blues  was  unknown, 
but  it  is  no  longer  the  case,  they  are 
now  employed  in  small  as  well  as  in  large 
families,  and  have  become  altogether  in- 
dispensable ;  no  other  matter  can  take 
their  place,  since  they  alone  give  to  linen 
and  woven  fabrics,  without  damaging 
them,  a  light  sky  blue  color,  and  the 


x  AUTHOR'S  INTRODUCTION. 

appearance  of  newness  to  those  which 
are  old. 

Raw  indigo  can  take  the  place  of  car- 
mine, and  this  is  yet  employed  by  many 
dyers,  calico  printers,  and  manufacturers 
of  paper-hanging,  probably  because  they 
do  not  know  the  differences  in  dyeing  or 
printing  between  carmine  and  raw  indigo. 
There  is  nevertheless  a  great  difference 
between  them  in  uniting,  the  dyeing  or 
printing  done  with  the  raw  indigo  always 
turns  green  by  reason  of  the  green  mat- 
ter contained  in  the  commercial  indigo, 
it  is  not  so  with  that  which  is  made  with 
the  carmine  of  indigo,  which  is  nearly 
pure  indigo,  from  which  all  green,  resin- 
ous, and  oily  matters  have  been  taken, 
it  never  becomes  green,  or  at  least  with 
difficulty,  if  the  carmine  has  been  well 
prepared. 

That  mode  of  fabrication  of  the  blue 
of  carmine  of  indigo  is  yet  known  only 


XI 


to  a  few  persons  who  make  a  very  advan- 
tageous commerce  of  it ;  they  have  never 
had  to  fear  an  opposition,  since  they  have 
always  kept  their  proceedings  secret. 
They  call  it  a  family  secret. 

Several  chemists  have  indicated  pro- 
cesses for  obtaining  carmine  of  indigos, 
but  none  of  them  has  given  one  suffi- 
ciently simple  or  cheap.  Those  who  have 
come  the  nearest  are  Mr.  Lassaigne  in 
his  Treatise  of  Chemistry,  and  Thillaye  in 
his  Manual  of  the  Manufacture  of  Chemi- 
cal Products.  Therefore,  all  processes 
indicated  to  this  day  are  very  compli- 
cated, and  too,  costly  to  be  executed  by 
persons  of  small  means.  They  have  never 
spoken  of  the  stones,  cakes  and  pastils 
blues,  and  the  Belard  and  liquid  blues, 
or  of  the  shy  or  soluble  blue. 

Hence,  in  the  collection  already  so 
numerous  of  the  manuals  intended  to 
assist  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  that  of  the 


xii  AUTHOK'S  INTRODUCTION. 

blues  and  carmine  of  indigo  is  not  found. 
In  order  to  supply  this  deficiency  for 
the  interest  of  the  public,  particularly 
for  that  of  commerce,  I  have  made  nume- 
rous chemical  experiments  which  have 
led  me  to  discover  a  mode  of  fabrication, 
simple  and  economical,  that  may  be  exe- 
cuted by  persons  of  every  class,  that  is  to 
say,  by  which  the  small  as  well  as  the 
large  family  will  be  able  to  manufacture 
the  blues  they  may  use. 

This  mode  of  manufacturing  is  the  one 
explained  in  this  work.  The  grocers, 
druggists,  dyers,  manufacturers  of  papers, 
etc.,  will  have  a  double  advantage  by 
manufacturing  themselves  the  blues  ne- 
cessary to  their  trade,  and  they  will  be 
sure  of  always  having  the  quality  they 
desire,  and  will  thus  gain  a  hundred  per 
cent,  at  least.  Of  this  they  will  be  con- 
vinced by  reading  the  several  chapters  of 

this  work. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PACK 

HISTORY  OF  INDIGO— CULTURE — FABRICATION  25 


CHAPTER  II. 
COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO         ...      33 

CHAPTER  III. 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  INDIGO — COMPOSITION    .      53 

CHAPTER  IY. 

CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES — INDIGOTINE      ...      57 
2 


XIV  COXTK\ 


m.vrTKU  v. 

PAGE 

ACTION  OF   AI.KU.IKS   Axn    SVKST.VXOKS   AVID    OK 

O\\V,KX   OX    Hl.UK  IXPIGO — AYlllTK  IXDIGOTIXK     .          65 


CHAPTER  VI. 

* 

>x  OP  SULPHURIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO         .        .      71 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Sur.rHO  AND  HYPO-SULPHO-IXDIGOTIC  ACIDS  — 
Si  I.IMIATK  OF  INDIGO — SOLUBLE  INDIGO — CAR- 
MINK  OF  INDIGO 81 

CHAPTER  V11I. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  NECESSARY  TOOLS  FOR  A 
LARGE  FABRICATION  OF  CARMINE  OF  INDIGO  .  91 

CHAPTER  IX. 

SULPHURIC  DISSOLUTION  OF  INDIGO— SATURATION 
— CARMINES  OF  INDIGO 97 


CONTENTS.  XV 

•» 

CHAPTER  X. 

ZE  BLUES — BLUE* 
PASTILS  ASD  STREAKED  PASTILS  103 


P  '.  r,  E 

CUPREOUS  OR  BROXZE  BLUES — BLUES  nr  STOKES — 


CHAPTER  XI. 

CELESTIAL  BLUES,  ALSO  CALLED  XEW  BLUES-  AWD 

VBLE  BLUES 109 

CHAPTER  XIL 
BELARD  OR  SAIOXT  BLUES 113 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
BLUES  IN  BALLS 117 

CHAPTER  XIY. 
LIQUID  BLUES — FAMILY  BLUES       .        .        .        .121 

• 
CHAPTER  XV. 

ACTION  OF  NITRIC  ACID  ox  LO>IGO        .        .        .    123 

CHAPTER  XTI. 
DYEING  WITH  IXDIGO  Y/T  129 


CHAPTER  XTIL 

PACK 
A>>AY  OF  THE  COLOES     ......      141 


CHAPTER  XTIH. 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  IXDIGO        ....      149 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  IXDIGO      ....    157 

CHAPTER  XX. 
COXXSBCTAL  ASSAYS  OF  IXDIGO      ....    167 

CHAPTER  XXL 
COMCKRCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  IXDIGO      .        .        .        .179 

CHAPTER  XXTT. 
CoiDKRCiAL  ASSAYS  OF  IKDIGO     ....    169 

CHAPTER  XXIIL 

OBSKRYATIOyS  OX  THE  PRBCKDDfG  ExPKRDtEXTS      .      197 

.        .        .203 


BLUES  AXD  CARMINES  OF  IXDIGO. 


CHAPTER  I. 

HISTORY  OF   INDIGO — CL'LTCKE— FABRICATION. 

HISTORY. 

THIS  invaluable  dye  stuff,  for  which  no  sub- 
stitute has  been  yet  found,  was  known  to  the 
ancients  under  »the  name  indicum,  whence  its 
modern  appellation.  But  the  plant  from  which 
Indians  extracted  this  fecula  is  not  now  used. 
It  seems  that  this  plant  is  the  same  that 
Margraff  described,  adding  that'  the  plant  is 
succulent,  and  when  the  trunk  is  broken,  it 
exudes  a  blue  juice.  They  made  indigo  from 
this  plant  without  any  other  trouble  than 
3 


26  BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

grinding  it,  adding  water  and  letting  run.  The 
fecula  of  indigo  varies  always,  not  only  accord- 
ing to  the  plants  of  which  it  is  extracted,  but 
also  according  to  the  treatment  to  which  the 
plant  is  submitted.  They  extract  from  china 
a  blue  dye,  from  the  Tovara  or  persicaria  virgi- 
niana.  According  to  Hermann  and  Linnaeus, 
they  extract  from  one  of  the  galega  species  a 
blue  dye  finer  than  indigo,  and  Mr.  Guettard 
has  observed <\n. -the- Memoir  es  de  VAcademie  des 
Sci&nces,  1747',  'that'  ihe  ribs  of  the  galega  are 
similar*  to:  thos  e  p.f  -"the.  indigo. 

Indigo  first  came  into  extensive  use  in  Italy, 
but  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  the 
Dutch  began  to  import  and  employ  it  in  con- 
siderable quantity.  Its  general  introduction 
into  the  dye-houses  of  both  England  and 
France  was  kept  back  by  absurd  laws,  founded 
upon  an  opinion  that  it  was  a  fugitive  sub- 
stance, and  even  prejudicial  to  the  fibres  of  the 
wool. 

They  cultivate  it^  under  the  name  of  anil 
indigofera  and  indigo,  in  China,  Japan,  India, 
Madagascar,  Egypt,  and  in  America.  There 


HISTORY — CULTURE.  27 

are  several  kinds,  but  in  America  they  count 
particularly  three :  the  FRANK  INDIGO,  indigo- 
fera tinctoria,  which  is  the  smallest  and  pro- 
duces the  indigo  of  the  lowest  quality,  but  as  it 
gives  a  large  quantity  it  is  often  preferred.  The 
second  kind  is  the  indigofera  disperma,  cultivated 
in  Guatemala ;  it  is  more  elevated,  more  ligneous 
than  the  above,  and  gives  a  better  indigo.  The 
third  kind  is  the  indigofera  argentea,  or  bastard 
indigo,  which  is  the  most  ligneous ;  it  gives  the 
finest  indigo,  but  in  small  proportions. 

It  is  apparent  that  this  plant  absorbs  as 
much  more  foreign  matters  which  are  after- 
wards confounded  with  the  coloring  matter,  as 
it  is  more  herbaceous. 


CULTURE. 

The  frank  indigo  of  the  Antilles  grows  about 
three  feet  high ;  it  requires  a  very  good  ground 
and  much  care  from  the  cultivation ;  the  ground 
must  be  flat,  smooth,  damp,  and  rich.  The, 
indigo  must  be  planted  during  damp  weather, 


28  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

in  March,  in  holes  about  one  foot  apart  and  -i 
inches  deep.  Negroes  who  plant  the  indigo 
put  about  ten  or  twelve  seeds  in  each  hole,  and 
cover  it  slightly  with  earth.  The  plant  comes 
up  four  or  five  days  afterwards,  the  trunks  at 
first  are  knotty,  full  of  small  branches,  always 
containing  several  pairs  of  leaves  and  termina- 
ted with  a  single  one.  They  are  always  careful 
to  destroy  the  bad  weeds.  The  plant  is  not  slow 
to  produce  flowers,  and  is  ready  to  cut  in  Ma}7. 
They  often  make  four  cuts  of  the  same  plant 
during  the  year,  while  in  South  America,  they 
never  make  more  than  two,  and  ordinarily  one, 
the  plant  being  ready  to  cut  for  the  first  time 
after  six  months.  The  product  diminishes  con- 
tinually after  the  first  cut,  so  that  it  is  necessary 
to  renew  the  plant  from  seeds  every  year. 


FABRICATION. 

* 

When  indigo  gives  signs  of  being  ripe 
(which  is  ascertained  by  the  tendency  the 
leaves  have  to  break),  it  is  cut  at  about  two 


FABRICATION.  2'.» 

inches  from  the  soil  during  damp  weather,  and 
is  carried  in  the  steeping -trough,  which  must  he 
done  quickly  before  the  plant  grows  warm. 
The  steeping-trough  is  a  shed  of  about  19  feet 
high,  without  walls,  and  sustained  by  posts ; 
they  construct  three  vats,  one  on  the  other,  at 
different  heights,  and  near  a  receiver  of  water. 
The  first,  which  is  at  the  basis,  is  called  Fuller's 
soaking -trough ;  it  is  disposed  in  such  a  way 
that  the  water  it  contains  can  run  out  from  the 
shed;  it  is  in  this  vat  of  about  44  feet  square, 
built  in  masonry  or  in  wood,  that  the  plant  is 
carried,  and  squeezed  in  until  it  is  the  three- 
quarters  full ;  thus  they  add  water  to  it  till  all 
the  plant  is  entirely  covered,  and  it  is  kept  in 
this  position,  to  avoid  the  floating,  by  loading  it 
with  heavy  boarcte.  Very  soon  it  begins  a  very 
active  fermentation,  and  it  forms  a  great  deal 
of  skims ;  these  skims  thicken  by  degrees,  and 
take  a  violaceous  blue  color.  The  disengaged 
gas  is  inflammable.  The  most  convenient  tem- 
perature for  the  fermentation  is  about  80°.  If 
you  let  it  to  ferment  too  long,  the  coloring 
3* 


30  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INKIGO. 

matter  is  altered,  and  if  you  remove  the  water 
too  soon,  much  indigo  is  lost. 

When  the  foreman  ascertains  that  the  fer- 
mentation is  advanced  enough,  and  that  the 
coloring  matter  is  disposed  to  separate,  they 
run  the  liquid  into  the  second  vat,  which  is 
ordinarily  34  feet  square  and  13  deep;  the 
liquid  is  agitated  in  it  for  15  or  20  minutes 
with  the  necessary  apparatus ;  and  it  is  by 
constant  practice  that  the  foreman  knows  the 
moment  to  stop  the  operation,  which  is  when 
it  begins  to  separate  from  the  liquid  some 
flocks  which  gives  it  a  curded  aspect.  When 
they  judge  by  the  blue  color  that  the  beating 
is  sufficient,  they  leave  it  to  settle  for  two 
hours.  The  indigo  forms  a  kind  of  mud,  which 
deposits  in  the  bottom  of  the  vat ;  they  leave 
the  water"  to  clear,  and  they  pass  it  in  the  third 
vat,  called  the  settling -vat,  in  which  the  fabri- 
cation of  indigo  is  achieved.  They  then  leave 
the  coloring  matter  to  settle  in  this  vat,  and 
draw  the  liquid  part ;  they  add  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  lime-water  to  prevent  the  putrefaction, 
and  absorb  the  carbonic  acid  gas. 


FABRICATION.  31 

Then  they  take  out  the  indigo  which  is  in 
half  fluid  consistence,  and  put  it  in  thick  cloth 
bags,  through  which  the  water  runs  out;  the 
bags  are  emptied  into  long  square  boxes  about 
2  inches  deep ;  they  are  cut  in  square  cakes, 
and  dried  in  the  air  to  the  shade. 

The  indigo  obtained  differs  not  only  accord- 
ing to  the  quality  of  the  plant  which  produces 
it,  but  according  to  the  care  taken  in  man- 
ufacturing it.  However,  as  indigo  in  its 
coloring  matter  presents  but  little  difference, 
we  conclude  that  the  quality  which  distin- 
guishes it,  depends  upon  the  proportion  of 
foreign  matters  which  are  used  with  it. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        33 


CHAPTEK  IT. 

COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO. 

GENERAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  INDIGO. 

Indigo. 

INDIGO  as  found  in  our  markets  is  in  pieces 
sometimes  irregular,  sometimes  in  cubic  or 
flat  squares,  of  a  blue  color,  that  varies  be- 
tween the  violet  blue,  light  blue,  cupreous  and 
blackish. 

The  pieces  are  dry,  firm,  easy  to  be  broken; 
the  break  is  clean,  but  without  brilliance,  light, 
and  float  commonly  upon  water.  One  of  the 
strongest  characteristics  of  indigo  is  to  take  by 
the  rubbing  of  the  nail  or  of  a  hard  substance 


3i          BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

a  metallic  brightness  and  a  cupreous  reddish 
tint.  The  paste  is  ordinarily  fine,  homogeneous 
and  light,  but  sometimes  we  meet  some  indigos 
in  which  it  is  rough,  or  which  contain  parcels 
of  sand  and  other  foreign  substances,  or  pre- 
sent irregularity  of  shades,  cavities  and  kind 
of  bubbles  which  come  from  an  incomplete 
or  too  sudden  desiccation,  or  finally  it  offers 
some  traces  of  a  white  matter  occasioned  by 
moisture.  The  consistence  of  the  paste  pre- 
sents also  some  great  differences ;  there  are 
some  dry  pastes,  hard  and  compact,  others  fri- 
able and  easy  to  be  broken  by  pressure  in  large 
and  thin  shells.  Certain  pastes  without  being 
soft  break  easily,  and  by  the  simple  shaking 
of  the  boxes  furnish  many  gargles;  this  defect 
seems  to  come  from  a  badly  conducted  desicca- 
tion, the  indigos  which  present  them  are  called 
quartered. 

Indigo  in  small  quantity  has  no  smell,  but 
in  large  quantity  it  has  a  very  appreciable  one 
which  becomes  stronger  by  being  heated  or 
burned,  and  which  may  be  found  in  the  works 
of  the  indigo  vat.  The  taste  of  indigo  is  null, 


COMMEECIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        35 

but  it  is  in  general  very  absorbing,  that  is  to  say 
if  you  put  the  moist  tongue  upon  a  piece  ot 
indigo,  there  results  a  light  adherence  and  the 
humidity  is  almost  instantaneously  absorbed. 
This  property,  which  comes  from  a  state  of  por- 
osity particular  to  indigo,  is  often  consulted  to 
ascertain  the  different  qualities. 

Indigo  is  a  merchandise  very  difficult  to 
classify,  and  the  different  kinds  are  separated 
by  so  delicate  shades  that  it  requires  much 
judgment,  habit,  and  practice  to  distinguish 
them  and  place  each  of  them  in  the  rank 
to  which  it  belongs.  In  the  impossibility  to 
speak  of  all,  we  have  been  careful  to  choose  for 
subject  of  our  remarks,  species  well  character- 
ized and  such  that  the  one  described  is  far  from 
that  which  precedes  and  which-follows  it,  of  a 
manner  sensible  enough  to  recognize  it  easily 
and  to  perceive  at  least  a  difference.  To  obtain 
this  result  we  have  been  obliged  to  omit  the 
intermediate  which  connect  a  kind  to  another} 
and  those  intermediates  are  four  or  five  times 
more  numerous  than  even  we  have  described,  for 
example,  we  speak  of  15  varieties  of  Bengalis 


36  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Indigo,  and  expert  judges  of  this  article  state 
as  many  as  43,  that  they  designate  by  different 
names  and  they  know  by  particular  signs. 


I.  BENGALIS  INDIGO. 

There  exist  very  numerous  differences  be- 
tween the  varieties  of  Bengalis  Indigo  and  the 
causes  of  these  differences  come  from  the  differ- 
ence in  the  ground  which  produced  them,  the 
care  given  to  the  plant,  and  extraction  of  the 
coloring  matter.  These  indigos  are  commonly 
classified  as  follows  : — 

Indigo  Surfine,  light  or  floating. 
Fine  Blue, 
Blue  Violet. 
Surfine  Violet. 
Surfine  Purple. 
Fine  Violet. 
Good  Violet. 
Violet  Red. 
Ordinary  Violet. 


%      COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        37 

Good  tender  Red. 
Good  Red. 
Fine  Cupreous. 
Middling  Cupreous. 
Ordinary  Cupreous. 
Low  Cupreous. 

This  classification  can  be  increased  easily  by 
placing  one  or  two  intermediate  between  each, 
but  then  the  differences  will  be  difficultrto  see. 

Packing. — This  indigo  is  received  in  boxes. 


1.  Surfine  Light  Blue. 

Characteristics. — It  is  in  cubic  stones  some- 
times broken,  li'ght,  friable,  of  a  bright  blue 
color,  soft  to  the  touch,  break  easily,  of  a  clean 
paste,  pure,  adhering  to  the  tongue  and  very 
spongious. 


38  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


2.  Fine  Blue. 

Characteristics. — Has  very  near  the  same  cha- 
racters as  the  above,  same  softness,  lightness, 
friability,  purity  in  the  paste;  the  blue  color  is 
less  bright  but  well  decided. 


3.  Blue  Violet. 

Characteristics. — It  differs  from  the  above  in 
this,  that  it  is  less  light,  friable,  and  instead 
of  a  blue  perfectly  decided,  it  reflects  a  light 
violet  shade. 


4.  Surfine  Violet. 

Characteristics. — The  characters  are  about  the 
same  as  the  blue  violet;  the  violet  shade  is 
more  pre-eminent  and  more  easy  to  remark. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        39 

5.  Surfine  Purple. 

Characteristics. — Fine  paste,  light,  and  reflect- 
ing a  fine  purple  color. 


6.  Fine  Violet. 

Characteristics. — Differs  only  from  the  above 
in  this,  that  its  paste  is  a  little  less  light,  and 
its  shade  less  bright. 


7.  Good  Violet. 

Characteristics. — This  indigo  a  little  less  light 
than  the  fine  violet,  is  of  a  thicker  paste,  and 
has  a  shade  less  pronounced. 

8.  Violet  Red. 

Characteristics. — Paste  heavier  and  thicker 
than  the  good  violet ;  has  a  violet  shade  with 
a  reddish  reflection. 


40  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

9.   Ordinary  Violet. 

Characteristics. — Thick  and  heavy  paste,  vio- 
let shade  without  mixture  of  other  colors. 


10.   Good  Tender  Red. 

Characteristics. — This  quality  is  heavier  than 
the  above ;  the  paste  has  a  red  reflection,  which 
lessens  much  of  the  shades  of  the  fine  blues. 


11.  Good  Red. 

Characteristics. — Thicker  paste,  and  more 
compact  than  the  above. 

12.   Fine  Cupreous. 

Characteristics.— Heavier  than  the  good  red, 
thicker  and  less  spongious  paste;  cupreous 
shades  pretty  pure. 


COMMEKCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        41 


13.  Middling  Cupreous. 

Characteristics. — Intermediary  quality  be- 
tween the  fine  and  ordinary  cupreous,  thick 
paste,  heavy,  difficult  to  break. 

14.  Ordinary  Cupreous. 

Characteristics. — This  quality  is  of  a  red  cu- 
preous blue,  thick,  difficult  to  break ;  the  paste 
is  not  so  pure  nor  so  bright. 


15.  Low  Cupreous. 

» 

Characteristics. — Hard  paste,  heavy,  difficult 
.to  break,  loaded  with  impurity,  and  of  a  dark 
cupreous  blue. 


4* 


42  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


II.   OUDE   INDIGO. 

This  product,  improperly  called  Coromandel 
indigo,  is  the  product  of  a  province  of  Indu- 
stan,  inferior  in  quality  to  the  Bengalis. 

General  Characteristics. — This  indigo  is  gene- 
rally quite  stony,  and  is  the  less  easy  broken. 
It  owes  its  solidity  to  the  considerable  quantity 
of  lime  which  enters  in  its  composition. 
Packing. — Boxes  of  different  weights. 
It  is  thus  classified  : — 
Violet. 
Cupreous. 
Ordinary. 


1.    Violet. 

Characteristics. — It  has  generally  a  thick 
paste,  hard  and  heavy ;  its  color  is  a  fine  vio- 
let. By  its  appearance  it  resembles  certain 
qualities  of  Bengalis ;  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish 
it,  except  when  you  come  to  use  it. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        43 


2.   Cupreous. 

Characteristics. — Heavier  than  the  above,  of 
a  red  cupreous  color,  sometimes  blackish,  thick 
paste,  hard ;  containing  often  sand  that  you 
see  brighten  when  you  break  the  indigo,  which 
leaves  a  considerable  deposit. 


3.  Ordinary. 

Characteristics. — This  kind  is  in  hard  cakes, 
heavy,  difficult  to  break ;  its  paste  is  sometimes 
tarnish  and  earthy,  sometimes  dirty  and  slaty 
blue.  It  contains  much  impurities. 


III.  MANILLA  INDIGO. 

Characteristics. — This  kind  is  extremely  light, 
in  cubic  stones,  in  flat  cakes,  and  often  in  irreg- 
ular pieces.  It  is  very  mixed. 

In  the  boxes  you  will  find  some  very  fine 


44:  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

blue,  approaching  to  the  fine  Bengalis  indigo, 
with  red,  cupreous,  dry,  arid  indigos,  with 
tarnish  pieces  and  others  called  false  in  the 
trade.  It  contains  a  great  deal  of  earth  incor- 
porated with  the  paste. 

Packing. — Boxes  of  different  weights. 


IV.  MADRAS  INDIGO. 

General  Characteristics. — This  kind  in  its  su- 
perior quality  has  sometimes  the  appearance  of 
fine  Bengalis ;  the  paste  is  so  light,  they  differ 
from  them  in  this,  they  are  less  spongious,  and 
when  applied  on  the  tongue  it  takes  some  time 
before  the  humidity  is  absorbed ;  they  have  a 
cubic  form. 

Packing. — It  is  received  in  boxes. 
The  divisions  adopted  in  the  trade  are  the 
following : — 

Fine  Blue. 

Mixed  Blue  Violet. 

Ordinary. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        45 

1.  Fine  Blue. 

Characteristics. — This  quality  is  in  thin  paste, 
light,  of  a  fine  light  blue  and  a  bright  shade; 
it  is  the  nearest  to  the  Bengalis. 

2.  Mixed  Blue  Violet. 

Characteristics. — It  differs  from  the  above  in 
this,  that  the  stones  are  heavier,  some  have  a 
blue  color,  and  others  have  a  reddish  shade. 
This  kind  presents  many  mixtures  and  is  not 
homogeneous. 

» 
3.  Ordinary. 

Characteristics. — This  kind  is  much  mixed, 
the  paste  is  sometimes  ruft,  impure,  of  a  pale 
color;  sometimes  black,  heavy  and  loaded  with 
sand. 


46  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


V.  JAVA  INDIGO. 

Characteristics. — This  kind  is  found  in  the 
trade  in  the  form  of  flat  cakes,  and  in  trochists 
it  looks  as  fine  as  the  Bengalis. 

Packing. — In  boxes. 


VI.   EGYPTIAN  INDIGO. 

Its  principal  varieties  are — 
Good  Violet,  and  Red. 
Fine  Blue. 

1.   Good  Violet  and  Red. 

Characteristics. — Fine  and  light  paste,  its 
color  is  a  mixture  of  bluish  violet,  of  good 
violet  and  good  red.  Inferior  to  the  Bengalis. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        47 

2.  Fine  Blue. 

Characteristics. — Lighter  than  the  above,  very 
fine  paste,  its  color  is  a  fine  blue  a  little  weak. 
Sometimes  black  pieces  are  found  in  the  boxes. 


VII.   SENEGAL  INDIGO. 

This  kind  is  not  found  enough  in  the 
trade  to  be  described  and  classified.  We  men- 
tion it  here  only  for  memory,  without  giving 
it  any  appellation  or  classification. 


48  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


AMERICAN  INDIGO. 

Amongst  the  American  indigos,  the  best  are 
the  Guatemala,  Caragua,  and  Mexican.  Some 
years  ago  the  island  of  St.  Domingo  produced 
a  very  fine  indigo,  and  some  were  received 
from  Louisiana,  South  Carolina,  and  Brazil, 
but  the  culture  of  this  plant  has  been  aban- 
doned in  these  countries. 

These  indigos  are  classified  in  the  following 
manner :  Flor,  Sobre,  Oorte. 


VIII.   GUATEMALA  INDIGO. 

General  Characteristics. — This  indigo  is  in 
small  pieces,  irregular,  broken,  lighter  than 
water,  of  a  bright  blue ;  its  paste  is  smooth,  dense, 
more  easy  to  break  and  pierced  with  an  in- 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.         49 

numerable  quantity  of  very  small  holes.     It  is 
one  of  the  most  estimate^. 


1.  Flor. 

Characteristics. — It  has  a  very  fine  bright 
blue  color,  smooth  paste,  tender  light,  absorbs 
very  quickly,  humidity  is  very  nearly  similar 
to  the  fine  Bengalis  indigo. 


2.  Sobre  Saliente. 

Characteristics. — Differs  from  the  above  in 
this,  it  is  less  light,  its  paste  is  firmer  and  its 
color  less  fine,  it  has  sometimes  a  violaceous 
shade. 

3.  Corte. 

Characteristics. — It  has  an  ordinary  Cupreous 
red  color,  a  thicker,  firmer  and  heavier  paste. 
It  resists  the  fingers  in  rubbing  it. 
5 


50  BLUES  AND  CABMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


IX.   CARAGUA  INDIGO. 

General  Characteristics. — This  kind  is  in  irreg- 
ular pieces,  and  ranks  after  the  Guatemala; 
its  paste  is  thick,  light,  of  a  soft  texture,  full  of 
little  holes.  Its  color  is  sometimes  of  a  fine 
"blue,  sometimes  violaceous  blue. 


1.  Flor. 

Characteristics. — Yery  thick  and  light  paste, 
of  a  fine  blue  color,  which  is  sometimes  viola- 
ceous; this  kind  is  more  full  of  small  holes 
than  the  others. 


2.  Solre. 

Characteristics. — The  paste  is  firmer  and  hea- 
vier, and  absorbs  humidity  with  more  difficulty. 


COMMERCIAL  VARIETIES  OF  INDIGO.        51 


3.   Ordinary  Sobre. 

Characteristics.  —  The   paste    is   heavier   and 
thicker,  quality  slightly  inferior  to  the  above. 


4.  Superior  Corte. 

Characteristics. — The  paste  is  less  thick  than 
the  above,  pierced  inside  of  small  round  and 
numerous  holes,  it  contains  some  impurities; 
its  color  is  part  violet  and  part  blue. 


5.   Good  Corte. 

Characteristics. — The  paste  is  heavier,  thicker, 
less  fat;  it  is  dry  and  arid,  color  violet,  violet 
red  and  cupreous.  More  numerous  impurities 
alterate  this  kind  pierced  in  the  inside  with 
round  holes. 


52  BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


6.   Ordinary  Corte. 

Characteristics. — It  is  one  of  the  lowest  qual- 
ity; it  is  dry,  hard,  arid,  difficult  to  break,  heavy 
and  full  of  impurities ;  it  presents  black  and 
slaty  blue  pieces. 


X.  MEXICAN  INDIGO. 

Characteristics. — This  kind  is  very  similar  in 
its  aspects  to  the  Guatemala  ;  its  quality  resem- 
bles the  Caragua,  then  it  could  be  said  that  it 
ranks  between  these  two  kinds,  and  is  between 
them  an  intermediary  species. 


PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  INDIGO.         53 


CHAPTER  III. 

PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  INDIGO. 
COMPOSITION. 

Physical  Properties. 

INDIGO  is  a  solid  substance  of  a  violet-blue 
color,  more  or  less  light.  It  acquires  a  cu- 
preous color  by  rubbing  it  with  a  hard 
substance.  Generally  those  that  have  a  tarnish 
blue  color  are  defective.  All  commercial  indi- 
goes  are  mixed,  and  it  is  difficult  to  determine 
their  value  by  their  physical  properties  ;  those 
which  are  defective  are  designated  by  the 
names  of  aerated,  pricked,  tapid,  burned,  and 
stony.  They  are  called  aerated,  when  the  in- 
terior break  presents  a  kind  of  white  mixture ; 
pricked,  when  the  inside  is  full  of  little  white 
5* 


54  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

specks  and  little  holes ;  tapid,  when  it  presents 
beds  of  different  shades;  burned,  when  in 
breaking  it,  it  divides  itself  in  pieces  more  or 
less  black ;  stony  or  sandy j  when  the  inside  is 
full  of  sand  or  stones. 


Composition. 

According  to  Bergman's  experiments,  100 
parts  of  good  indigo  contain: — 

Matters  soluble  in  water         ^        .        .  12 

"          "         «   alcohol      ...  6 

Earthy  matters  soluble  in  acetic  acid     .  22 
Oxide  of  iron        .        .        .        .        .13 

Indigotine 43 

Lost  4 


100 


According  to  Mr.  Chevreul,  who  made  the 
most  complete  and  accurate  analysis,  one 
hundred  parts  of  Guatemala  indigo  give — 


COMPOSITION.  55 


SOLUBLE   IN   WATER. 

Green  matter  combined  with  ammonia,  "1 

White  Indigotine, 

Extractive, 

Gum, 


SOLUBLE    IN   ALCOHOL. 

Green  matter, 

Kesin,  J>  30 

Traces  of  indigo,   - 


SOLUBL^   IN   HYDROCHLORIC   ACID. 

Eed  resin     .        .        .  .        .      -  6 

Carbonate  of  lime       ....        2 

Oxide  of  iron.  ) 

>    2 

Alumina,  ( 


56  BLUE3  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


RESIDUE, 


Silicic  acid 3 

Indigotine  ......       45 

100 


CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES.  57 


CHAPTER   IV. 

CTIEMICAL  PROPERTIES— INDIGOTINE. 
Chemical  Properties. 

INDIGO  is  destitute  both  of  taste  and  smell, 
and  is  a  neutral  body ;  "heated  on  a  platinum^ 
foil,  it  gives  a  beautiful  purple  smoke,  and 
if  the  heat  be  rapidly  increased  it  fuses, 
boils,  catches  fire  and  burns  with  a  lively  flame, 
gives  out  much  gmoke,  and  leaves  a  quantity  of 
charcoal  difficult  to  burn. 

Insoluble  in  water,  boiled  with  alcohol,  this 
liquid  assumes  a  blue  color,  but  gradually  lets 
fall  a  very  minute  quantity  of  indigo  and  be- 
comes colorless.  Olive  oil  and  turpentine  act 
precisely  the  same  way.  It  is  insoluble  in  ether. 
Neither  diluted  acids  or  alkalies  attack  it. 


58  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Chlorine  instantly  destroys  the  blue  color  of 
indigo  and  gives  it  the  color  of  iron-rust. 
Iodine  does  not  act  sensibly  when  cold,  but  by 
the  action  of  heat  the  color  is  destroyed.  Sul- 
phur and  phosphorus  do  not  combine  with  it. 

An  alkaline  base  and  dry  substance  having 
a  strong  affinity  for  oxygen,  in  contact  with 
indigo  deprive  it  of  oxygen ;  it  assumes  then  a 
white  color  and  combines  with  the  basis.  This 
process  is  the  one  employed  in  making  the 
calico  printer's  vat. 

Concentrated  sulphuric  acid  dissolves  imme- 
diately indigo  with  evolution  of  heat  but  with- 
out formation  of  sulphurous  acid. 

Nitric  acid  decomposes  it  rapidly,  destroys 
the  color  and  transforms  it  into  Indigotic  and 
Carbazotic  acids. 


Indigotine. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  when  indigo  is 
heated,  it  sublimes ;  the  product  of  the  sublima- 
tion is  pure  indigo  or  indigotine. 


INDIGOTINE.  69 

It  sublimes  in  long  flat  needles  which  readily 
split  when  bruised  into  4-sided  prisms ;  viewed 
at  a  particular  angle  they  have  the  most  bril- 
liant and  intense  copper  color,  but  lying  in  heaps 
they  have  a  rich  chestnut  brown  color;  besides 
these  needles,  indigotine  is  formed  in  plates  much 
broader  than  the  needles,  and  extremely  thin, 
twisted  sometimes  almost  into  tubes;  viewed 
obliquely  through  a  microscope  they  appeared 
copper  colored  like  needles,  but  when  held 
perpendicularly  they  are  transparent  and  of  a 
beautiful  blue  color. 

The  vapor  is  transparent  and  of  a  most 
beautiful  reddish  color  resembling  vapors  of 
iodine,  but  distinguished  from  it  by  its  shade 
of  red ;  the  sublimation  takes  place  at  about 
350°.  The  melting  point,  its  point  of  volatili- 
zation and  decomposition  are  near  each  other. 

Its  specific  gravity,  1.35. 

The  crystals  heated  in  open  vessels  sublimate 
without  leaving  a  residue,  in  a  close  vessel ;  the 
vapor  is  at  first  reddish  violet,  but  as  the 
heat  advances  it  takes  a  scarlet  color,  and  before 
it  is  entirely  decomposed  becomes  deep  scar- 


60  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

let,  and  then  orange  color,  and  a  quantity  of 
charcoal  is  deposited. 


Preparation. 

The  best  way  to  obtain  Blue  indigotine  is  to 
have  recourse  to  the  calico  printer's  vat  (see 
vats). 

Mr.  Walter  Crum  prepares  it  the  following 
manner :  He  employed  the  covers  of  two  platina 
crucibles  nearly  three  inches  in  diameter  and 
of  such  a  form  that  when  placed  with  their 
concave  side  inwards,  they  were  about  f  of  an 
inch  distant  in  the  middle ;  about  the  centre  of 
the  lower  lid  were  placed  thinly  about  ten 
grains  of  amorphous  indigotine  (commercial  in- 
digo can  be  used)  then  having  put  on  the  cover, 
the  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp  was  applied  beneath 
the  indigo.  In  a  short  time  it  begins  to  melt 
and  the  vapor  to  be  disengaged,  which  was 
known  by  the  hissing  noise  which  accompa- 
nied it. 

The  heat  was  continued  till  the  noise  nearly 


INDIGOTINE.  61 

ceased ;  the  lamp  was  withdrawn  and  the  appa- 
ratus allowed  to  cool.  The  sublimed  indigo, 
in  removing  the  crucible,  was  found  planted  on 
its  inner  surface.  In  this  way  Mr.  Crum  ob- 
tained from  ten  grains  of  amorphous  indigotine, 

1.88  grains  of  Sublimated  Indigotine. 

6.44      "       "  Cinders. 

1.68      "       "  Volatile  matters. 

The  following  process  to  prepare  sublimated 
indigotine  is  due  to  Mr.  E.  Kopp,  and  is  the 
best  and  cheapest  method. 

The  happy  results  obtained  in  the  arts  of 
dyeing  and  calico  printing  by  the  use  of  indigo 
and  madder  have  induced  chemists  to  make 
researches  for  the  means  of  obtaining  from  the 
raw  materials  purer  products.  All  experiments 
tried  have  not  given  products  cheap  enough  to 
be  used  in  the  arts  till  Mr.  E.  Kopp  has  had 
the  happy  idea  to  try  for  that  purpose  the 
superheated  steam,  and  he  obtained  results 
which  can  be  of  a  useful  application  in  industry. 

Steam  obtained  under  a  considerable  pres- 
sure without  having  been  submitted  to  an 
6 


62  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

elevation  of  temperature  posterior  to  its  forma- 
tion, acts  on  bodies  by  the  temperature  and  in 
the  same  time  as  a  damp  vapor  and  deter- 
mines reactions  dependent  on  that  dampness. 
Superheated  steam  in  passing  through  an  appa- 
ratus at  a  temperature  varying  from  572°  to 
752°  acts  as  a  hot  and  dry  body,  without 
determining  reaction  that  a  gas  could  produce 
in  contact  with  the  same  bodies. 

Mr.  Kopp  operates  on  indigo:  he  puts  it  in 
a  metallic  cylinder  enveloped  in  another  cylin- 
der, in  which  passes  a  current  of  superheated 
steam  of  which  another  portion  passes  through 
the  indigo.  In  this  way  it  operates  on  all 
parts  of  the  matter  which  is  submitted  to  the 
same  temperature. 

The  steam  produced  by  a  generation  passes 
through  a  cast-iron  pipe,  fixed  in  a  furnace, 
and  before  coming  in  contact  with  the  indigo, 
through  a  special  capacity  divided  by  a  dia- 
phragm pierced  with  holes  and  containing  a 
thermometer. 

The  condensed  water  takes  a  little  indigotine 
which  can  be  left  to  precipitate. 


INDIGOTINE.  63 

The  indigotine  so  obtained  can  be  used  in 
dyeing  and  calico  printing  the  same  manner  as 
indigo. 


Properties. 

It  is  solid,  of  a  purple  color,  without  taste  or 
smell. 

Inalterable  in  the  air,  insoluble  in  water, 
slightly  soluble  in  alcohol,  soluble  in  concen- 
trated sulphuric  acid ;  is  decomposed  by  con- 
centrated or  diluted  nitric  acid. 

Hydrochloric  acid  and  alkalies  are  without  ac- 
tion at  a  cold  temperature,  but  when  heated  it 
takes  a  yellow  color  due  to  a  little  decomposed 
indigotine.  ,» 

Chlorine  turns  it  yellow. 

Substances  void  of  oxygen  and  alkalies  act 
on  it  as  on  commercial  indigo. 

Composition. 
According  to  Dumas'  analysis  sublimed  in- 


64          BLUES  AND  CAEMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

digo  purified  by  alcohol  gives  the  following 
composition : — 

16  at.  Carbon  ....  12.000  or  73.28 
5  "   Hydrogen   .  .     0.625  "     3.82 

1  "  Nitrogen  .  .  .     1.750  "    10.69 

2  "   Oxygen    .  .  .     2.000  "    12.21 

16.375      100.00 
Its  formula  is  C16  H5  NO2. 


ACTION  OF  ALKALIES  ETC.  ON  INDIGO.      65 


CHAPTEE  V. 

ACTION  OF  ALKALIES  AND  SUBSTANCES  AVID 
OF  OXYGEN  ON  BLUE  INDIGO — WHITE  INDI- 
GOTINE. 

WE  have  already  observed,  that  when  indigo 
is  treated  with  some  reagents  capable  of  absorb- 
ing oxygen,  it  assumes  a  white  or  yellowish 
white  color,  and  becomes  soluble  in  alkalies. 
Liebig  called  this  white  matter  indigogen,  but 
it  is  generally  khown  by  the  name  of  desoxy- 
genated  indigo  or  white  indigo. 


Preparation. 

Mr.  Chevreul  has  given  the  following  pro- 
cess to  obtain  it:    in   a  large  stopper   vial, 
6* 


66          BLUES  AND  CABMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

introduce  7.75  grains  of  finely  powdered 
blue  indigo  with  J  pint  of  water;  make  two 
solutions,  one  with  28.365  grains  of  proto- 
sulphate  of  iron,  and  the  other  with  24.80 
grains  of  pure  caustic  potash.  He  introduces 
these  two  solutions  in  the  bottle,  and  fills  it  with 
water,  so  as  to  have  one  quart  of  liquid.  He 
leaves  the  mixture  a  few  hours  in  shaking  it 
from  time  to  time.  It  presents  a  limpid  yellow 
liquid  with  a  deposit  of  peroxide  of  iron.  By 
the  contact  of  the  air,  this  liquid  is  covered 
of  a  violet-blue  skim.  To  explain  the  pheno- 
mena, which  pass  in  this  operation,  it  is  sufficient 
to  know  that  the  different  substances  employed 
are  water,  potash,  and  oxide  of  iron.  There- 
fore, 9.6875  grains  of  potash  neutralize  8.2305 
grains  of  sulphuric  acid,  contained  in  the 
28.365  grains  of  proto-sulphate  of  iron,  to 
produce  17.9025  grains  of  sulphate  of  potash ; 
it  is  then  left  9.6875  grains  of  free  potash, 
with  7.2075  grains  of  protoxide  of  iron,  and 
7.75  grains  of  indigo;  then  the  protoxide 
of  iron  has  a  great  tendency  to  combine  with 
oxygen,  and  takes  a  part  of  it  to  indigo,  and 


PEOPEETIES.  67 

the  desoxygenated  indigo  tine  dissolves  in  the 
alkali. 

To  separate  it  from  its  dissolution,  decant 
the  clear  liquid  with  a  siphon  in  another  vial, 
in  which  you  introduce  without  the  contact  of 
air,  some  acetic  acid  to  neutralize  the  potash ; 
when  the  deposit  is  well  formed,  decant  the 
liquid;  filter,  and  wash  the  filter  with  cold 
boiled  water ;  press  the  filter  between  blotting 
paper,  and  dry  in  vacuo. 


Properties. 

Dry  air  does  not  alterate  its  color,  but  placed 
•under  water,  it  assumes  a  deep -blue  color,  and 
a  copper  shade  when  dried. 

It  is  very  little  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  ether ;  it  dissolves  in  alkalies  with- 
out neutralizing  them. 

Nitric  acid  turns  it  blue. 

In  solution  in  an  alkali  and  brought  in 
contact  with  the  air,  the  oxygen  gas  is  absorbed 
and  blue  indigotine  regenerated  and  precipi- 


68  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

tated  on  form  of  a  blue  powder ;  in  this  opera- 
tion it  absorbs  11.38  per  cent,  of  oxygen. 

Dissolved  in  alkalies  it  unites  by  double 
decomposition  to  alumina,  oxides  of  iron,  tin, 
and  lead.  These  compounds  are  insoluble  and 
turn  blue  in  the  air ;  salts  of  copper  turn  blue 
the  solution  of  white  indigo  in  oxidizing  it. 


Composition. 

If  we  consider  the  atomic  weight  of  indigo 
16.375,  and  admit  that  it  contains  two  atoms  of 
oxygen,  and  that  white  indigotine  is  entirely 
destitute  of  oxygen,  its  atomic  weight  will  be 
13.625.  Now  404  :  47  (the  increased  weight  of 
the  white  indigo) : :  13.625 : 1.58.  It  appears 
from  this,  that  the  quantity  of  oxygen  absorbed 
by  the  atom  of  white  indigo  is  only  1.58  or  0.42 
less  than  2  atoms. 

The  experiments  of  Berzelius  do  not  agree 
with  those  of  Liebig ;  he  finds  that  when  a 
solution  of  indigogen  was  mixed  with  that  of 
copper  the  whole  is  converted  into  blue  indigo 


COMPOSITION.  by 

by  absorbing  oxygen  from  the  salt  and  that 
two  parts  of  indigo  had  absorbed  4.6  of  oxy- 
gen. Now  4.6  is  nearly  J  of  the  whole  oxygen 
contained  in  160  parts  of  indigo  tine,  so  that 
regenerated  indigo,  according  to  his  experiment, 
differs  from  white  indigotine  by  only  f  of  an 
atom  of  oxygen ;  but  Liebig's  experiment  is 
better  entitled  to  confidence. 

Mr.  Dumas  has  resumed  the  subject;  he 
analyzed  white  indigotine  and  found  the  fol- 
lowing composition: — 

16  at.  Carbon.  ...    12      or  per  cent.  72.73 
6     "  Hydrogen  .  .  .   0.75  "    "       "       4.54 

1  "  Nitrogen ....   1.75    "    "       "    10.61 

2  "  Oxygen 2.00    "    "       "     12.12 

16.50  100.00 

» 

According  to  this  analysis  it  is  an  hydrate  of 
indigo  or  indigo  united  to  one  atom  of  hydro- 
gen. / 

Dumas  has  entered  into  no  details,  but  he  has 
full  confidence  in  his  results;  chemists,  however, 
cannot  adopt  those  conclusions  till  details  are 
furnished  which  enable  them  to  judge  the 
accuracy  of  the  analysis. 


ACTION  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      71 


CHAPTER  VI. 

f 

ACTION   OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO. 

WHEN  you  heat  one  part  of  indigo  with 
twelve  parts  of  sulphuric  acid,  the  color  turns 
yellow  in  some  parts ;  it  passes  green,  and  at 
last  it  takes  a  very  dark-blue  color.  Berzelius 
has  ascertained  three  products  in  this  compound, 
called  by  Chevreul  sulpTio-indigotic  acid,  hypo- 
sulplio-indigotic  acid,  and  sulpho-phenicic  acid. 
Walter  Crum  has  called  the  blue  substance 
cerulin. 

The  mixture  of  the  blue  substance  with  sul- 
phuric acid  is  a  semi-fluid  which  requires  much 
water  to  dissolve  it.  The  cerulin  is  precipi- 
tated from  it  by  any  salt  of  potash,  and  the 
precipitate  is  a  combination  of  cerulin  and 


72  BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

sulphate  of  potash.  Crum  distinguishes  it  by 
the  name  of  ceruleo-sulpliate  of  potash;  this 
salt  is  soluble  in  pure  water. 

Salts  of  soda  form  also  precipitate  in  the 
solution  of  cerulin  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
these  are  likewise  insoluble  in  solutions  of 
potash  and  soda,  though  soluble  to  a  certain 
extent  in  pure  water.  When  heated,  these 
ceruleo-sulpliates  dissolve  even  in  solutions  of 
their  salts.  On  cooling  the  solutions,  part  falls 
down  in  blackish  grains,  a  portion,  however, 
remaining  in  solution.  The  soda  compound 
is  more  soluble  than  that  of  potash. 

The  salts  of  ammonia  form  precipitate  in  the 
sulphuric  dissolution  of  cerulin. 

The  precipitate  dissolves  in  hot  solutions  of 
salts  of  ammonia,  and  separates  by  cooling. 
The  precipitate  seems  to  be  a  combination  of 
cerulin  with  sulphate  of  ammonia ;  hot  water 
dissolves  it  abundantly.  It  is  soluble  between 
forty  and  fifty  times  its  weight  of  cold  water. 
Similar  compounds  may  be  formed  with  baryta, 
strontia,  lime,  and  with  most  of  the  bases. 

Ceruleo-sulphate   of  potash  has  so  deep  a 


ACTION  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      73 

blue  color,  that  when  wetted  with  water,  it 
appears  black;  dry,  it  has  a  shining  copper-red 
color,  by  transmitted  light  it  is  blue;  it  at- 
tracts water  from  the  air.  Cold  water  dissolves 
j\u  of  its  weight  of  this  substance,  and  forms 
a  solution  so  deeply  colored,  that  when  di- 
luted with  twenty  times  its  weight  of  water, 
in  a  vial  one  inch  diameter,  it  may  be  just  seen 
transparent. 

Water  in  a  wine-glass  containing  s^^ths 
of  its  weight  is  distinctly  blue ;  chloride  of  tin 
turns  it  yellow  in  deoxidizing  the  indigo;  it 
becomes  blue  again  by  addition  of  any  salt 
capable  of  imparting  oxygen  to  it. 

When  indigo  is  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid 
considerable  heat  is  produced,  but  there  is  no 
evolution  of  sulphurous  acid.  The  solution  is 
at  first  yellow;  if  it  be  dropped  into  water  it 
instantly  becomes  blue  and  the  indigo  precipi- 
tates unaltered ;  if  the  solution  be  kept  undi- 
luted for  24  hours  the  indigo  is  transformed 
into  cerulin. 

Walter  Crum  has  drawn  from  his  analysis 
the  following  composition  for  cerulin : — 
7 


74:  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

1  at.  of  Indigo        .        .15.625  =  77.639 
4   "    "    Water  .   4.500  =  22.361 


20.125=  100.000 

Berzelius  has  taken  a  different  view  of  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  indigo. 

According  to  him,  when  indigo  is  dissolved 
in  sulphuric  acid,  a  combination  takes  place 
between  them  and  two  new  acids  are  formed, 
the  hypO'Sulpho-indigotic  acid  and  the  sulpho- 
indigotic  acid.  The  stronger  the  sulphuric  acid 
employed,  the  greater  is  the  quantity  of  the  first 
of  these  acids  formed  and  the  smaller  the  se- 
cond. English  sulphuric  acid  gives  more  sulpho- 
indigotic  acid  than  the  Nordhausen  acid. 

Mr.  Dumas  has  lately  examined  this  solution 
of  indigo.  He  finds  it  to  possess  the  property 
of  an  acid,  and  has  given  it  the  name  of  sulph- 
indilic  acid,  and  assures  it  is  a  compound  of — 

1  at.  Indigo     .     .      .      16.375  =  62.085 

2  "    Sulphuric  acid    .     10.000  =  37.915 

26.375  =  100.000 


ACTION  OF  SULPHURIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      75 

The  Sulphindilate  of  Potash  is  composed  of — 
2  at.  Sulphuric  acid     .     10.000         30.888 
1  "    Indigo      .      .      .     16.375  =   50.580 

1  "    Potash     .      .     .        6.000  =    18.532 

32.375  =  100.000 

The  purple  matter  which  precipitates  when 
indigo  is  dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid  is,  accord- 
ing to  Durnas,  a  compound  of — 

2  Indigo  =        32.75  =  76.609 
2  Sulphuric  acid       =        10.00  =  23.391 

42.75      100.000 

It  possesses  acid  properties,  and  has  been 
called  by  Dumas  Sulpho-purpuric  acid,  which 
forms  with  potash  a  purple  salt  composed  of — 

1  Sulpho-purpuric  acid. 
1  Potash. 

These  two  acids  of  Dumas  are  identical  with 
the  two  of  Berzelius. 

Sulphuret  hydrogen  gas  reduces  the  indigo 
in  those  acids,  hence  the  reason  why  t'he  liquid 


76  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

has  a  yellow  color  when  the  sulpho  or  hypo- 
sulpho-indigotate  of  lead  is  reduced  by  that 
gas. 

According  to  Mitscherlich,  when  these  acids 
are  saturated  with  a  base,  the  sulphuric  acid 
only  combines  with  it,  and  the  indigo  (cerulin 
of  CHUM)  acts  in  a  way  similar  to  the  water  of 
crystallization  of  simple  salts. 

Crum  in  his  researches  discovered  that  if  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  be  stopped  to  a  cer- 
tain point,  a  new  substance  is  formed,  possessing 
singular  properties;  it  is  formed  at  the  instant 
that  indigo  changes  from  yellow  to  blue  by 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid.  Crum  called  the 
substance  plienicin,  and  Berzelius  gives  it  the 
name  of  purple  of  indigo. 

Crum  obtained  it  in  the  following  manner : 
he  mixed  one  part  of  purified  indigo  with 
seven  or  eight  parts  of  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  in  a  stoppered  bottle,  and  leaves  the  mixture 
to  itself  till  it  becomes  of  a  bottle-green  color. 
He  mixed  it  with  a  large  quantity  of  distilled 
water,  and  threw  it  upon  a  filter;  by  continuing 
to  wash  the  precipitate  with  distilled  water,  the 


ACTION  OF  SULPHUEIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      77 

liquid,  at  first  colorless,  becomes  more  and  more 
blue,  and  after  some  time  the  indigo,  which  had 
been  changed,  passes  through.  The  colorless 
washings  were  thrown  away.  The  blue  liquid 
which  contains  the  phenicin  did  not  differ  in 
appearance  from  a  solution  of  cerulin. 

By  addition  of  chloride  of  potassium,  the 
phenicin  is  precipitated  on  form  of  a  most 
beautiful  reddish  purple  color,  similar  to  the 
vapor  of  indigo.  It  was  thrown  on  a  filter, 
and  washed  with  distilled  water,  till  the  liquid 
that  passes  through  began  to  form  a  reddish 
precipitate  with  nitrate  of  silver ;  it  was  then 
dried. 

Dried,  it  has  a  brownish-black  color ;  it  dis- 
solves in  water  and  alcohol ;  its  solutions  are 
blue.  Alkaline  substances  precipitate  it  from 
those  solutions  with  its  original  purple  color. 

Acids  have  no  effect  in  preventing  the  pre- 
cipitation of  phenicin  by  salts,  and  the  precipi- 
tates once  formed  are  not  redissolved  in  the 
same  liquid  by  the  assistance  of  heat. 

Crum  has  analyzed  it  and  found  it  com- 
posed of — 

7* 


78  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

1  Indigo,  15.625  =  87.412 

2  Water,  2.250  =  12.588 

17.875  =  100.000 

He  has  given  the  following  method  to  pre- 
pare it  in  greater  quantity,  though  not  so  pure. 

1.  Mix  together,  in  a  vial,  one  part  indigo  in 
powder,  with  ten  parts  of  concentrated  sulphu- 
ric acid. 

2.  Agitate  it  for  some  time,  till  the  blue 
color  which  the  indigo  loses  at  first,  is  com- 
pletely restored.     In  summer  it  requires  three 
hours,  and  at  100°  it  is  effected  in  about  twenty 
minutes ;  at  45°  ten  or  twelve  hours  are  neces- 
sary. 

3.  Pour  this  mixture  in  a  large  quantity  of 
distilled  water,  and  filter. 

4.  Take  the   precipitate  of  the  filter,  and 
wash  it  well  with  distilled  water  containing  as 
much  salt  of  ammonia,  as  will  prevent  the 
substance  to  dissolve  in. 

5.  Collect  it  again  on  a  filter. 

6.  Dissolve  the  precipitate  anew  in  a  large 
quantity  of  distilled  water;  heat  the  dissolution 


ACTION  OF  SULPHUEIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      79 

to  drive  off  the  air,  and  let  stand  two  or  three 
days  in  a  tall  vessel. 

7.  Draw  off  the  clear,  and  wash  the  remain- 
der with  more  distilled  water. 

8.  To  the  solution  add  any  alkaline  salt,  till 
all   the   phenicin   is   precipitated,    and    wash 
with  distilled  water  till  the  liquid  refuses  to 
pass  through. 

Phenicin  dissolves  in  liquid  ammonia  with- 
out injury;  fixed  alkalies  destroy  it,  though 
not  readily.  Chloride  of  tin  precipitates  the 
solution,  but  gradually  redissolves  the  precipi- 
tate in  forming  a  yellow  solution.  It  dissolves 
readily  in  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  and  if 
poured  immediately  in  water,  it  is  precipitated 
again.  If  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  is  pro- 
longed, it  is  converted  into  ceruline. 

Such  are  the  properties  of  ceruline  as  de- 
scribed by  Crum,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
our  first  knowledge  of  it. 


INDIGOT1C  ACIDS.  81 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SULPHO  AND  HYPO-SULPHO-INDIGOTIC  ACIDS — 
SULPHATE  OF  INDIGO — SOLUBLE  INDIGO — 
CAKMINE  OF  INDIGO. 

THE  compounds  called  sulpha  and  hypo-sul- 
pho-indigotic  acids  were  examined  first  by  Ber- 
zelius. 

Preparation. 

» 

To  obtain  them,  dissolve  indigo  in  fuming 
sulphuric  acid ;  dilute  the  solution  with  30  to 
50  per  cent,  of  water,  and  pass  the  liquid 
through  a  filter;  pieces  of  flannel  perfectly 
clean  are  to  be  put  into  the  solution;  the 
flannel  gradually  combines  with  the  blue-col- 
ored acids,  and  assumes  a  deep  blue  color; 


82  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

take  it  out  and  introduce  successively  other 
pieces  of  flannel,  till  all  the  coloring  matter 
has  been  successively  absorbed.  If,  instead  of 
indigo,  you  have  used  indigotihe,  nothing  will 
remain  but  acidulated  water.  Wash  the  pieces 
of  flannel  in  pure  water,  till  that  liquid  ceases 
to  acquire  an  acid  taste.  Digest  them  in  water, 
in  which  some  carbonate  of  ammonia  has  been 
dissolved.  These  acids  separate  from  the  flan- 
nel, and  combine  with  ammonia  and  the  liquid 
assumes  a  deep-blue  color ;  the  liquid  is  decan- 
ted, and  the  flannel  well  washed  in  pure  water. 
If  the  flannel  continue  still  to  be  colored, 
digest  it  a  second  and  even  a  third  time  with 
water  containing  carbonate  of  ammonia  in 
solution.  Evaporate  the  ammoniacal  liquid  to 
dryness  at  the  temperature  of  140°,  and  pour 
on  the  residue  alcohol  at  0.833  of  specific 
gravity;  it  dissolves  the  hypo-sulpho-indigotate 
of  ammonia,  and  leaves  the  sulpho-indigotate 
undissolved.  To  obtain  the  sulpho-indigotic 
acid,  dissolve  the  sulpho-indigotate  of  ammonia 
in  water,  and  precipitate  by  acetate  of  lead. 
The  sulpho-indigotate  of  lead  being  insoluble 


HYPO-SULPHO-INDIGOTIC  ACIDS.  83 

falls  to  the  bottom ;  collect  it  on  a  filter  ;  wash 
it  well ;  mix  the  salt  of  lead  with  water,  and 
decompose  it  by  a  current  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  gas ;  the  liquid  is  yellow,  and  turns 
blue  by  the  contact  of  the  air;  filter;  wash 
the  precipitate,  and  evaporate  at  a  temperature 
not  exceeding  122°;  it  leaves  a  solid  residue 
of  a  dark-blue  color,  which  is  the  sulpho-indi- 
gotic  acid. 

Properties. 

This  acid  attracts  the  humidity  of  the  air ; 
is  soluble  in  water  and  alcohol ;  those  solutions 
have  a  deep  blue  color ;  it  has  a  peculiar,  but 
agreeable  odor,  similar  to  that  observed  when 
reduced  indigo  becomes  blue  by  exposure  to 
the  air.  Its  taste  is  acid  and  astringent. 


Preparation  of  Hypo-sulpho-lndigotic  Acid. 

This  acid  is  obtained  by  mixing  the  above 
alcoholic  solution  with  an  alcoholic  solution  of 


84:  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

acetate  of  lead ;  a  blue  salt  of  lead  is  precipi- 
tated, which  being  treated  the  same  way  as  the 
sulpho-indigotate  of  lead,  gives  the  pure  acid. 


Properties. 

When  hypo-sulpho-indigotic  acid  is  evapo- 
rated, it  dries  quite  well  at  the  edges,  but  in 
the  middle  the  mass  remains  moist,  and  attracts 
some  moisture  from  the  air ;  its  taste  is  acid, 
and  its  other  properties  are  similar  to  those  of 
the  sulpho-indigotic  acid. 

Those  acids  are  decomposed  by  heat  into 
sulphurous  acid,  sulphite  of  ammonia,  much 
water,  and  traces  of  volatile  oil ;  the  sulphite 
of  ammonia  becomes  blue  when  dissolved,  pro- 
bably in  consequence  of  a  little  indigo  carried 
with  it. 

When  zinc  or  iron  are  introduced  into  these 
acids,  the  metal  becomes  oxidized  at  the 
expense  of  indigo,  and  if  we  have  employed 
an  excess  of  acid,  we  obtain  a  yellowish  co- 
lored liquid,  containing  a  salt  of  zinc  or  iron 


SULPHO-INDIGOTATE  OF  POTASH.  85 

combined  with  the  reduced  indigo  and  soluble, 
which  becomes  instantly  blue  when  in  contact 
with  oxygen  or  air.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen 
gas  has  the  property  to  reduce  the  indigo  con- 
tained in  these  two  acids.  Chloride  of  tin,  by 
action  of  heat,  destroys  also  the  blue  of  those 
acids.  • 


Sulpho-Indigotate  of  Potash. 

It  may  be  obtained  by  digesting  the  above 
blue  flannel  in  water  containing  carbonate  of 
potash ;  the  solution  is  evaporated  to  dryness, 
and  the  residue  treated  by  alcohol,  which  dis- 
solves the  sulphoindigotate  of  potash,  and  leaves 
the  excess  of  carbonate  of  potash.  If  we  satu- 
rate sulpho-indigotic  acid  with  carbonate  of 
potash,  and  add  a  small  excess  of  this  last  salt, 
the  liquid  is  converted  into  a  kind  of  jelly. 

This  salt  is  readily  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
and  precipitates  partially  in  flocks  while  cool- 
ing. Cold  water  dissolves  4 loth  of  its  weight, 
assuming  so  deep  a  blue  color  as  to  become 
8 


86  BLUES  AND  OAEMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

opaque.     When  the  solution  is  evaporated,  the 
salt  remains  with  a  cupreous  lustre. 

This  salt  has  received  various  names :  Berg- 
man called  it  precipitated  indigo  (indigcarmin). 
In  France  it  is  called  soluble  indigo. 


Sulpho-Indigotate  of  Soda  and  Ammonia. 

They  are  analogous  to  the  preceding,  but 
they  are  precipitated  less  completely.  They 
are  prepared  the  same.  The  ammoniacal  salt 
is  more  soluble  than  those  of  potash  or  soda. 


Sulpho-Indigotate  of  Baryta. 

"When  the  sulpho-indigotate  of  potash  is 
mixed  with  chloride  of  Barium,  the  salt  pre- 
cipitates in  flocks  of  a  blue  color.  It  is  not 
completely  insoluble  in  water ;  it  dissolves  in 
boiling  water,  but  is  precipitated  by  cooling. 
This  salt  is  not  precipitated  by  a  small  quantity 
of  sulphuric  acid. 


SULPHO-INDIGOTATE  OF  LIME.  87 


Sulpho-Indigotate  of  Lime. 

It  is  obtained  by  diluting  the  sulpho-indigo- 
tic  acid  with  forty  or  fifty  times  its  weight  of 
water,  and  saturating  it  with  white  marble  in 
powder,  till  it  becomes  neutral;  filter,  and 
wash  the  sulphate  of  lime  on  the  filter  till  it 
becomes  red.  The  solution  is  evaporated,  and 
mixed  with  alcohol ;  it  produces  a  precipitate 
which  is  collected  on  a  filter,  and  washed  with 
weak  alcohol.  Dry,  it  has  a  deep-blue  color. 


Sulfpho-Indigotate  of  Alumina. 

This  salt  is  soluble  in  water,  and   may  be 
dried  like  the  above  salts. 


Sulpho-Indigotate  of  Lead. 

"We  have  seen  how  this  salt  can  be  obtained; 
it  is  in  flocks,  and  slightly  soluble  in  water: 


88  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

when  dried,  its  color  is  almost  black  ;  its  taste 
is  astringent,  but  not  in  the  least  sweet. 


Sulphate  of  Indigo  of  the  Dyers. 

Having  examined  the  action  of  sulphuric 
acid  on  indigo,  we  have  to  give  the  prepa- 
rations used  in  the  shops,  and  as  these 
proportions  and  preparations  are  different 
from  those  indicated  by  Mr.  Capron  de  Dole, 
we  shall  give  them  here. 

Take  one  pound  of  finely  powdered  indigo ; 
dilute  it  with  four  pounds  of  fuming  sulphuric 
acid ;  leave  the  mixture  in  contact  for  twelve 
hours  in  shaking  it  from  time  to  time ;  place 
the  vases  in  a  water  bath,  and  leave  it  in  for 
twelve  hours  in  shaking ;  take  out  and  leave 
to  cool.  To  keep  this  dissolution,  dilute  it 
with  four  or  five  times  its  volume  of  water. 


CARMINE  OF  INDIGO.  89 


Distillate  of  Indigo. 
i 

The  solution  of  indigo  being  obtained,  dilute 
it  with  25  gallons  of  water,  and  when  dissolved 
introduce  into  it  perfectly  clean  wool,  and 
leave  it  6  hours,  or  all  night. 

Wash  the  wool  with  water  and  boil  it  with 
water  containing  four  ounces  of  carbonate  of 
soda. 


Carmine  of  Indigo. 

Prepare  a  solution  of  indigo  with  one  pound 
of  indigo,  and  five  pounds  of  acid,  in  operating 
as  above.  Dilute  the  solution  with  fifteen 
times  its  volume  of  water,  saturate  the  acids  by 
carbonate  of  soda,  in  adding  it  slowly  and  by 
small  portions  at  a  time  and  stop  when  the 
saturation  is  complete;  filter  and  wash  the 
precipitate  first  with  water  containing  sulphate 
of  soda  in  solution,  and  at  last  with  pure  water, 


90  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

till  this  water  passes  blue.     This   blue   is   in 
paste  and  has  a  cupreous  reflection. 

In  the  following  chapters  we  shall  enter  into 
some  details  on  the  preparation  of  the  blues  of 
indigo,  which  is  given  entirely  from  the  work 
of  Mr.  Capron  de  Dole. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  TOOLS,  ETC.  91 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  NECESSARY  TOOLS  FOB 
A  LARGE  FABRICATION  OF  CARMINE  OF 
INDIGO. 

1.  A  lead  pot  widened  in  its  superior  part, 
of  a  capacity  of  6J  to  8  gallons.    It  is  used  to 
make  the  sulphuric  dissolution  of  indigo. 

2.  A  Mill  to  grind   the   indigo  as   fine   as 
possible. 

3.  Cylinders  to  grind  the  paste  of  blues  after 
they  have  been  kneaded  once. 

4.  A  pestle  to  grind  the  pastes  from  which 
you  make  the  blues  in  balls. 

5.  A  glass  or  wood  rod  lined  with  lead,  to 
stir    the   sulphuric   dissolution   of  indigo;   a 
common  wood  stick  will  blacken  the  dissolu- 
tion on  account  of  the  sulphuric  acid   which 
acts  on  the  wood, 


92  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

6.  Three  small  tubs,  the  height  of  an  ordinary 
barrel,  of  a  capacity  of  about  62  to  78  gallons. 
Each  one   has  a  large  cock,  and  is   fixed   on 
threepods  about  12  inches  in  height. 

7.  Twelve  wooden  frames   about   27   inches 
square  with  little  hooks  to  fix  the  filters. 

8.  Twenty-four  filters  in  white  felt  of  about 
$1.60  to  $1.80  the  yard,  of  the  size  and  wide- 
ness  of  the  interior  of  the  frame,  on  which  they 
are  fixed  with  three  hooks  on  each  size. 

After  each  operation  those  filters  must  be 
well  washed  and  substituted  by  some  other, 
that  is  the  reason  why  24  are  needed  and  only 
12  frames.  Before  using  them  for  the  first 
time  they  must  be  well  washed  with  boiling 
soap  water,  and  every  time  that  you  want  to 
use  them  they  must  be  perfectly  wet. 

The  frames  with  the  filters  are  fixed  one 
near  the  other  on  two  pieces  of  wood  about  9 
yards  long,  which  are  equally  fixed  parallely 
and  horizontally  on  trestles  about  2J  feet  in 
height  so  to  put  one  pail  under. 

9.  Tiventy  pails  at  least. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  TOOLS,  ETC.  93 

10.  Four  other  filters  of  a  stronger  cloth  than 
the  above,  to  put  the  carmine  in  press. 

11.  A  press  by  weight  fixed  on   a  table  a 
little  bented  so  that  the  water  which  goes  out 
from  the  carmine  could  run  easily. 

To  fix  this  press  you  have  a  table  having 
the  form  of  a  long  square  well  fixed,  on  the 
floor  by  its  trestles,  of  which  one  must  be 
necessarily  larger  than  the  table,  on  the  edge  of 
the  trestle  which  goes  beyond  the  wideness  of 
the  table,  you  adapt  with  solidity  a  large 
piece  of  wood  about  1  foot  in  height  and  half 
of  which  at  least  in  form  of  tenon  with  differ- 
ent holes ;  afterwards  .you  have  another  piece 
of  wood  about  2  yards  long,  one  end  of  which 
is  provided  with  a  mortise  crossed  by  a  hole 
to  fix  it  with  an  »iron  piece  on  the  piece  of 
wood  elevated  at  the  edge  of  the  trestle  of  the 
table.  Then  you  have  only  to  put  a  weight  at 
the  end  of  the  large  piece  of  wood  and  you 
have  a  very  economical  press. 

12.  Several  vessels  of  red  copper  to  draw  the 
blue  or  rather  the  liquid  contained  in  the  little 


91  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

tubs,  after  the  saturation,  and  put  it  on  the 
filters. 

To  be  useful,  those  vessels  must  be  widened 
at  the  superior  part,  and  of  a  capacity  of  about 
four  to  five  gallons,  and  provided  with  a  beak. 

13.  Two  little  shovels  of  red  copper,  having 
the  form  of  a  skimmer,  to  take  out  the  paste 
or  the  carmine  from  the  filters. 

14.  'A  large  pot  to  wash  the  carmine. 

15.  150  to  200  small  boards  well  polished,  of 
1  yard  long  and  1  foot  wide,  to   mould  the 
different  pastes  of  carmine. 

16.  A  table,  having  the  form  of  a  long  square 
with  a  press  on  the  top  to  mould  the  blues  in 
stones,  pastils,  etc.     This  table  is  fixed  on  three 
trestles  about  four  feet  high ;  the  middle  one 
must  pass  off  every  side  of  the  table,  and  must 
be  surmounted  with  two  pieces  of  wood,  one 
of  which  is  about  1J  foot  high,  and  provided 
at  about  4  inches  high  with  a  tenon  with  seve- 
ral holes,  and  the  other  of  about  8  inches  high, 
provided  with  a  tenon  at  4  inches  high,  but 
without  holes. 

On  those  two  pieces  of  wood  placed  at  each 


DESCRIPTION  OF  TOOLS,  ETC.  95 

end  of  the  trestle,  is  fixed  by  mortise  at  every 
end,  another  piece  of  wood,  in  the  middle  of 
which  you  make  another  mortise  of  4  to  5 
inches  long,  on  2  to  3  inches  wide  to  place  the 
beak  to  mould.  This  large  piece  of  wood  is 
consequently  found  placed  across  the  table. 

After  the  piece  of  wood  of  which  the  tenon 
which  surmounts  it,  is  provided  with  different 
holes,  you  adapt  to  it,  by  an  iron  pin  and  by  a 
mortise  traversed  by  a  hole,  another  large 
piece  of  wood  2  yards  long,  and  you  have  a 
press  to  mould. 

17.  A  beak  to  mould   surmounted   with  a 
skin  bag  about  12  inches  high. 

The  skin  bag  must  be  sewed  with  a  double 
stitching,  and  the  beak  to  mould  is  put  on  the 
piece  of  wood  across  the  mould,  and  in  the 
mortise. 

18.  Some  Sheet  iron  horns  to  mould  the  but- 
tons, pastils,  etc.     The  end  of  the  horn  is  the 
same  size  that  the  goods,  and  they  are  provided 
with  little  pieces  of  wood  called  runners,  to 
push  the  paste  put  in  the  horn,  and  make  it 


96  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

pass  it  by  the  little  hole,  which  give  it  the 

* 
form  and  size  desired. 

19.  A  Jcneader  to  knead  the  different  pastes. 

20.  A  round  knife  to  cut  the  pastes  when 
they  are  moulded  on  the  little  boards. 

21.  Several  little  pots  of  red  copper  to  draw 
the  water  necessary  to  the  saturation. 

22.  A  skin  bag  1  yard  long,  on  8  inches  wide, 
to  pass  the  dried  goods  to  the  prussian  blue. 
We  call  pass  to  the  blues,  the  blues  to  which  it 
is  necessary  to  give  the  celestian  blue  color. 

23.  A  sheet  iron  drum  provided  with  a  door, 
fixed  on  two  trestles,  and  put  in  motion  by  a 
crank,  to  pass  the  blues  in  balls,  stones,  pastils, 
etc.,  to  the  blue  of  indigo. 

24.  A  woollen  lag  to  polish ;  same  size  as  the 
above. 

25.  An  oven  in  which  are  disposed  places  to 
receive  the  small  boards,  on  which  you  have 
moulded  the  blues  so  as  to  dry  them. 


SULPHUEIC  DISSOLUTION  OF  INDIGO.       97 


CHAPTER  IX. 

SULPHURIC   DISSOLUTION   OF    INDIGO— SATURA- 
TION—CARMINES   OF  INDIGO. 

THE  quantities  of  acid  and  indigo  indicated 
in  this  chapter,  are  those  employed  in  almost 
every  manufacture. 

To  manufacture  good  carmine,  put  in  the 
lead  vessel  22}  Ibs.  of  Saxony  or  Nordhausen 
sulphuric  acid.1  Throw  slowly  in  this  acid, 
and  by  small  portions,  6J  pounds  of  indigo 
powdered  as  fine  as  possible,  being  careful  to 
stir  with  the  glass  rod  all  the  time  that  you 
throw  the  indigo,  so  as  to  prevent  it  from  ad- 
hering to  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  which  would 

1  Wlien  you  want  to  employ  ordinary  acid,  you  use  66 
ounces  for  16  ounces  of  indigo. 

9 


98  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

barn  it,  and  prevent  its  making  the  mixture. 
This  operation  is  called  the  making  of  the 
sulphuric  dissolution  of  indigo. 

When  you  have  thrown  all  the  indigo  in  the 
acid,  cover  the  pot  with  a  wooden  covercle, 
and  surround  it  with  woollen  cloth  to  concen- 
trate the  heat ;  put  it  in  a  water  bath  for  about 
twelve  to  fifteen  hours.  The  lead  pot  must 
not  touch  the  bottom  of  the  water  bath,  because 
the  indigo  will  burn.  The  water  bath  must 
be  always  full  of  boiling  water. 

The  mixture  of  indigo  and  acid  is  shaken 
from  time  to  time  with  the  glass  rod. 

It  can  occur  that  the  mixture  raises  up ;  then 
you  must  diminish  the  heat  and  stir  at  the 
top  only. 

After  twelve  or  fifteen  hours  of  staying  in 
the  water  bath  (the  time  depends  on  the  degree 
of  the  acid  and  heat  of  the  bath),  try  if  the 
dissolution  is  completed,  i.  e.,  if  the  indigo 
is  all  dissolved ;  for  that  you  have  a  felt  filter 
fixed  on  a  frame;  dilute  some  of  the  disso- 
lution, and  filter  it.  If  nothing  stays  on  the 
filter,  the  dissolution  is  complete;  in  the 


SATURATION".  99 

contrary  case  put  back  in  the  water  bath,  and 
heat  it  till  perfect,  and  that  the  solution  can 
pass  through  the  filter.1 

When  the  dissolution  is  complete,  they  put 
it  in  a  jar,  and  dilute  it  with  four  or  five 
times  its  weight  of  water,  and  they  put  it  by 
equal  portions  in  the  little  tubs  used  for  the 
saturation. 

This  operation  done,  fill  a  caldron  with 
crystals  of  soda  and  water;  heat  in  order  to 
dissolve  the  soda  ;  when  it  is  dissolved  and  the 
alkaline  solution  is  boiling,  pour  it  by  one  or 
two  quarts  a  time  and  every  ten  or  fifteen 
minutes  on  every  part  of  dissolution  of  indigo 
which  is  in  the  small  tubs,  and  continue  till 
complete  saturation. 

You  are  sure*  all  the  liquor  is  saturated 
when  it  does  not  redden  litmus  paper. 

The  saturation  being  achieved,  draw  in  the 
vessels  of  red  copper  the  liquid  contained  in  the 

1  Manufacturers  generally,  to  ascertain  if  the  dissolution 
is  perfect,  put  some  in  a  glass  of  water ;  if  it  divides  well 
and  does  not  precipitate,  they  consider  it  good. 


100         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

little  tubs,  and  put  it  on  filters ;  it  stays  on  the 
filters  a  paste  of  a  cupreous  color  that  you  col- 
lect with  the  shovels ;  this  paste  is  called  Gar- 
mine  of  indigo.  This  carmine  is  not  pure,  it 
contains  foreign  matters ;  to  have  it  perfectly 
fine  put  it  in  a  jar  with  three  pails  of  water, 
shake  about  half  an  hour  with  a  wooden  spa- 
tula. 

The  mixture  being  well  done,  throw  it  on 
filters,  and  when  all  the  water  has  well  drop- 
ped, divide  this  carmine  into  four  parts  about 
equal;  and  put  every  part  into  filters  with  a 
handful  of  Epsom  salt. 

Put  those  filters  under  the  press  two  by  two 
parallelly ;  the  two  above  are  separated  from 
the  two  below  by  small  boards. 

On  the  two  above  packages  place  a  piece  of 
board,  on  which  is  the  arm  of  the  press  that 
you  load  first  with  at  least  40  Ibs.  and  at  last 
with  60  Ibs. 

The  weight  of  60  Ibs.  must  not  be  put  till 
the  carmine  is  a  little  purified.  Leave  this  car- 
mine about  two  days  under  the  press  (the  time 
varies  according  to  the  number  of  Ibs.  you  will 


CARMINES  oF«-nr£>T&£>.*»  ,         -101 

reduce  it,  and  the  quantity  -pi  goods  you  will 
manufacture),  and  every  twelve  Ifours  turn  it 
over  with  a  little  shovel,  being  careful  to  cover 
it  with  some  Epsom  salt.  At  last  for  the  manu- 
facture of  the  blues  used  to  azure,  the  carmine 
of  6|  Ibs.  of  indigo  must  be  reduced  at,  viz: — 
1st.  At  17  J  Ibs.  for  the  blues  known  in  the  trade 
as  EXTRA  FINE. 

2d.  At  19 \  Ibs.  for  those  called  SURFINE. 

3d.  At  24}  Ibs.  for  those  called  FINE. 

For  those  known  by  tthe  numbers  13  2,  3, 4,  5, 
the  carmine  is  not  washed  nor  purified  under 
the  press,  it  is  only  left  to  purify  on  the  filters, 
so  that  the  carmine  is  put  in  the  following 
quantities : — 

Number  1,,  .        .     at  35  pounds. 

""        2,  .         .     "  41 J     " 

"        3,  "  49J     " 

"       4,  "  66      " 

For  the  number  five  it  is  not  left  to  purify. 

When  you  wish  carmine  of  indigo,  even  at 
40  cents  per  pound,  leave  it  to  purify  only  a 
short  time  on  the  filters;  afterwards  dilute 
9* 


102         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

the*  carm j he  wixh"  saline  water  which  comes 
from  sulphate  of  soda,  that  you  dissolve  in  a 
barrel  (this  saline  water  must  not  mark  more 
than  9  to  10°  Baumd  to  the  areometer). 

To  sell  liquid  carmine  even  at  40  cents  per 
pound,  many  manufacturers  dilute  them  with 
pure  water,  but  in  sending  them  to  their  cus- 
tomers in  little  barrels,  the  carmine  precipitates 
and  separates  from  the  water ;  it  is  not  the  same 
with  this  saline  water,  the  acid  contained  in 
the  salt  keeps  the  carmine  in  suspension,  and 
does  not  leave  it  to  precipitate. 


CUPREOUS  OR  BRONZE  BLUES.     103 


CHAPTER  X. 

CUPREOUS  OR  BRONZE  BLUES— BLUES  IN  STONES 
— PASTILS  AND  STREAKED  PASTILS. 

THESE  different  blues  that  the  manufacturers, 
to  give  them  more  value,  called  old  Hues,  new 
blues,  cupreous  blues,  bronze  blues,  and  other 
names  useless  to  enumerate,  are  prepared  all 

the  same  manner,  the  only  difference  is  in  the 

» 

more  or  less  gum  or  fecula  employed,  the  form 
and  polishing. 

To  prepare  them  in  the  different  qualities, 
they  use  the  carmine  in  the  proportions  indi- 
cated in  the  above  chapter,  and  the  gum  or 
fecula  in  the  following : — 


101         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Extra  Fine  Blues. 

Carmine  reduced  at  17J  Ibs.     17  Ibs.  8  ounces. 
Powdered  gum    .        .        .    13  «     8      " 
Fecula         .        .        .        .      5  "     2       " 

36  "    2       " 


Surfine  Blues.  % 

Carmine  reduced  at     .         .19  Ibs.  8  ounces. 

Gum 16    «    8      " 

Fecula         .        .        .        .      7    "    4      " 

43    "    4      " 
Fine  Blue. 

Carmine  reduced  at     .        .24  Ibs.  12  ounces. 
Gum  .         .         .         .     20    "  10 

Fecula       •  8    "    4 


u 


53     "  10 


BLUES  IN  STONES.  105 


Blue  No.  1. 

Carmine  purified  at  .  .35  Ibs.  1  ounce. 
Gum  .  .  .  .  26  "  13  ounces. 
Fecula  .  .  .  .  12  "  6  " 

74    "       4       " 


Slue  No.  2. 
i 

Carmine  purified  at          .        41  Ibs.  4  ounces. 
Gum         .        .        .        .        33    "    0        " 
Fecula     .        .        .        .        14    "    7-      " 

88    "11         " 


Slue  No.  3. 

Carmine  purified  at  .         .49  Ibs.    8  ounces. 
Gum          .         .         .         .     39    "      3       " 
Fecula       .        .        .        .    20    "    10       " 

109    "     5       " 


106        BLUES  AND  CAEMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Blue  No.  4. 

Carmine  purified  at  .         .66  Ibs.     0  ounces, 
G-um         .        .        .        .    45    "       6       " 

Fecula      .        .        .         .     30    "  15      " 

142    "  5      " 


Blue  No.  5. 

* 

Carmine  purified  at  about     92  Ibs.  13  ounces. 
Gum         .        .        .        .     72  -  "       3       " 
Fecula      .        .        .        .    82    "      8 

247     «      8       " 

Those  last  blues  must  never  be  used ;  they 
dirty  cloth  instead  of  azuring  them. 

When  you  wish  to  manufacture  them,  put 
the  carmine  with  the  gum  and  fecula  in  the 
kneader,  and  knead  with  the  hands,  so  to  have 
a  perfect  mixture;  afterwards  pass  the  paste 
once  or  twice  through  the  cylinders,  and  when 


PASTILS  AND  STREAKED  PASTILS.      107 

well  prepared  you  cannot  distinguish  in  it  fecula 
or  gum  ;  mould  it  into  the  desired  form  in  the 
beak,  and  with  the  press  on  the  small  boards ; 
then  cut  it  the  size  you  want,  and  dry  in  the 
oven. 

To  use  the  press,  it  needs  two  men,  one  to 
press  and  the  other  to  draw  the  small  boards 
that  you  put  on  the  small  pieces  of  wood  pro- 
vided with  small  wheels. 

You  must  not  dry  too  quick,  and  not  leave 
current  of  air  in  the  oven;  otherwise  the  goods 
will  break. 

These  goods  have  a  dirty  blue  color ;  then 
to  give  them  the  aspect  of  copper  or  bronze, 
you  put  in  the  sheet  iron  drum  powdered 
indigo  with  about  one  pound  of  those  goods ; 
move  the  drum  for  15  minutes,  and  when  well 
covered  with  indigo  dust,  put  them  in  the 
woollen  bag;  that  you  shake  well  for  15  minutes. 
After  these  operations  those  goods  have  a  fine 
cupreous  blue  color,  and  they  are  put  in  paper 
of  different  shapes  to  be  sold. 


NEW  BLUES  AND  SOLUBLE  BLUES.   109 


CHAPTER  XL 

CELESTIAN  BLUES,  ALSO  CALLED  NEW  BLUES 
AND  SOLUBLE  BLUES. 

THREE  qualities  of  celestian  blues  are  only 
manufactured  on  forms  of  buttons,  pastils,  etc.; 
the  only  difference  which  exists  between  those 
and  those  spoken  of  in  the  other  chapter  is, 
that  to  the  carmine,  gum,  and  fecula  they  add 
sulphate  of  potash*  or  soda  reduced  in  very  fine 
powder.  Sulphate  of  soda  is  better  than  sul- 
phate of  potash  on  account  of  its  lower  price. 

To  manufacture  celestian  or  soluble  blues, 
take  the  following  proportions: — 


10 


110         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Extra  Fine  Blues. 

Carmine  reduced  at    .        .17  Ibs.  8  ounces. 
Gum 6    "     3       " 

Fecula        .        .  .      5    "     2       " 

Sulphate  of  soda         .        .     12   "     6       " 

41    "    3       " 

Surfine  Blues. 

Carmine      .         .         .         .19  Ibs.  9  ounces. 
Gum 8    "     4       " 

Fecula        .         .        .        .       6    "     3       " 
Sulphate  of  soda         .        .     15    "     7       " 

49    "     7       " 

Fine  Blues. 

Carmine    .         .  .  .24  Ibs.  12  ounces. 

Gum          .         .  .  .     11    "       5       " 

Fecula      .        .  .  .      7    "      3      " 

Sulphate  of  soda  .  .     18    "       9       « 

61    "     13       " 


NEW  BLUES  AND  SOLUBLE  BLUES.   Ill 

You  knead  all  those  matters,  and  pass  them 
through  the  cylinders  the  same  as  for  the  blues 
in  stone,  and  when  the  paste  is  well  rubbed, 
mould  it  with  the  horns  on  the  small  boards, 
the  same  as  confectioners  prepare  lozenges. 
Dry  in  the  oven. 

Those  pastils,  buttons,  etc.,  when  dried,  have, 
like  the  blue  in  stone,  a  dirty  blue  color ;  to 
give  them  a  celestian-blue  color,  put  them  by 
two  pounds  at  a  time  'in  the  skin  bag  with 
powdered  Prussian  blue ;  shake  this  bag  for 
about  ten  minutes ;  then  take  them  out,  and 
they  are  ready  for  the  market. 


BELARD  OR  SAXONY  BLUES.  113 


CHAPTER  XII. 

BELARD  OR  SAXONY  BLUES. 

THOSE  blues  are  found  in  the  trade  in  form 
of  little  smooth  pastils,  and  are  prepared  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  blue  in  stones,  etc.,  except 
that  instead  of  using  potatoes  fecula  they  em- 
ploy common  starch. 

To  manufacture  them  employ  the  following 

quantities : — 

» 

Extra  Fine  Blues. 

Carmine  reduced  at    .        .17  Ibs.  8  ounces. 

Gum 12    "     6 

Starch         .        .        .        .       6    "     3        " 

36    "     1 
10* 


BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Surfine  Blues. 

Carmine  reduced  at     .        .19  Ibs.  9  ounces. 

Gum 14    «  7       " 

Starch         .        .        .        .      9    "  4      " 

43    "  4       " 


Fine  Blues. 

Carmine  reduced  at  .        .24  Ibs.  12  ounces, 
Gum         .        .        .        .     16    "      8       " 
Starch  >    .        .         .        .     12    "       6       " 

53    "     10 


Blue  No.  1. 

Carmine  reduced  at  .     35  Ibs.     1  ounce. 

Gum         .         .         .         .     22    "  11  ounces. 
Starch       .        .        .        .     16    "       8       " 

74    "       4      " 


BELARD  OB  SAXONY  BLUES.      115 


Blue  No.  2. 

Carmine  reduced  at          .    41  Ibs.    4  ounces. 
Gum         .        .        .        .    28    "    14      " 
Starch      .        .        .        .  -  20    "    10      " 

90    "     12       " 


Blue  No.  3. 

Carmine  reduced  at  .    49  Ibs.     8  ounces. 

Gum          .        .        .         .     30    "  15       " 

Starch      .        .        .        .     28    "  14       " 

109    "      6      " 


The  numbers  4  and  5  are  never  manufac- 
tured. 


BLUES  IN  BALLS.  117 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

BLUES  IN  BALLS. 

THESE  blues  are  prepared  differently  from 
the  above;  in  their  composition,  gum,  fecula, 
starch  or  sulphate  of  potash  does  not  enter,  but 
fine  Spanish  chalk. 

This  chalk,  before  using  it,  must  be  put  in 
digestion  in  wate^  and  shake  from  time  to 
time. 

It  is  used  in  the  following  proportions  : — 

Extra  Fine  Balls. 
24  Ibs.  12  ounces. 


118        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Surfine  Balls. 
31  pounds. 

Fine  Balls. 
37  Ibs.  2  ounces. 

Balls  No.  1. 
45  Ibs.  6  ounces. 

Balls  No.  2. 
55  Ibs.  11  ounces. 

Balls  No.  3. 
72  Ibs.  3  ounces. 


BLUES  IN  BALLS.  119 

I 

Balls  No.  4. 
88  Ibs.  11  ounces. 

Balls  No.  5. 
103  Ibs.  2  ounces. 

Thus  to  manufacture  blue  balls,  mix  accord- 
ing to  the  quality  you  will  make,  to  the 
sulphuric  dissolution  of  indigo,  the  chalk  in 
the  proportions  indicated  above,  stir  well  with 
a  shovel,  and  when  done,  the  paste  which  has 
a  gray  dirty  blue  color,  is  very  hard  and  com- 
pact ;  then  rub  it  well  with  the  hand  ;  this  paste 
becomes  soft ;  mould  it  in  small  balls  and  dry  it 
in  the  oven. 

To  make  those  balls  of  equal  weight  and 
size,  the  manufacturer  spreads  the  paste  on  a 
table  and  cuts  it  in  equal  pieces  by  the  way  of 
a  little  sheet-iron  frame  equally  divided. 

Those  balls  being  dried,  have,  like  the  blue  in 


120        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

stones,  etc.,  a  dirty  blue  color,  then  to  give  them 
the  appearance  of  cupreous  blue,  they  are  put 
2  Ibs.  by  2  Ibs.  in  the  sheet-iron  drum  with  very 
fine  powdered  indigo ;  shake  this  drum  for  ten 
minutes,  take  out  and  put  in  the  woollen  bag, 
that  you  shake  for  about  15  minutes;  at  last 
they  are  submitted  when  dried  to  the  same 
operations  as  the  blues  in  pastils,. etc.  etc. 


LIQUID  BLUES— FAMILY  BLUES.  121 


CHAPTER  XIY. 

LIQUID  BLUES — FAMILY  BLUES.    % 

THE  liquid  blues  are  nothing  else  tban  the 
sulphuric  dissolution  of  indigo,  saturated  or 
not,  diluted  with  pure  or  saline  water  from 
the  sulphate  of  soda  in  more  or  less  quantity, 
according  to  the  price  they  are  to  be  sold  at. 

When  a  family  wants  to  make  its  own  blue 
to  azure;  put  8J-  ounces  of  ordinary  sulphuric 
acid  in  an  earthen  jar  of  two  quarts  capacity ; 
throw  slowly,  and  by  small  portions  in  this 
acid,  4  ounces  of  indigo  in  very  fine  powder; 
shut  the  pot,  and  put  it  in  a  water  bath  for 
about  J  a  day,  in  shaking  from  time  to  time ; 
when  the  indigo  is  well  dissolved,  put  in  a  pail 
2  pounds  of  crystals  of  soda ;  that  you  dissolve 
11 


122        BLUES  AND"  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

in  water ;  then  pour  that  water  by  small  por- 
tions in  the  sulphuric  dissolution,  and  then  di- 
lute with  water  according  to  the  shade  you  wish 
to  have,  and  keep  the  whole  in  vases.  Then 
for  about  sixty  or  eighty  cents  you  can  make 
about  20  quarts  of  liquid  blue  that  you  have 
to  dilute  with  much  water  before  using  it. 


ACTION  OF  NITRIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      123 


CHAPTER  XY. 

ACTION  OF  NITRIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO. 

THE  action  of  nitric  acid  on  indigo  pro- 
duces Isatin,  C16H5N04,  remarkable  for  the 
numerous  substances  derived  from  it.  A  liquid 
paste  is  made  with  two  pounds  of  indigo, 
and  water  which  is  carefully  heated  in  a  por- 
celain capsule,  nitric  acid  being  gradually 
introduced  with  constant  stirring  until  20  or 
25  ounces  of  acid  are  added ;  the  indigo  has 
then  disappeared,  and  the  liquid,  which  is  more 
or  less  brown  colored,  contains  the  isatin  - 
mixed  with  several  other  substances  not 
examined  yet.  The  liquid  being  diluted  with 
a  large  quantity  of  water  is  heated  to  boiling, 
and  the  boiling  liquid  rapidly  filtered;  when 


124        BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

the  isatin  is  deposited,  on  cooling,  in  reddish 
crystals.  The  deposit  remaining  is  heated 
with  the  mother  liquid  which  has  deposited 
the  first  crystallization  of  isatin  which  fur- 
nishes an  additional  quantity,  and  this  process 
is  repeated  until  no  more  isatin  is  deposited. 

Isatin  may  also  be  obtained  by  heating 
indigo  with  a  mixture  of  bichromate  of  potash 
and  sulphuric  acid ;  dissolve  in  20  or  30  parts 
of  water. 

Isatin  is  slightly  soluble  in  cold  water, 
but  largly  so  in  boiling  water,  and  still  more 
freely  in  boiling  alcohol.  Its  solution  does 
not  act  upon  Litmus.  Heated,  it  first  melts, 
gives  off  vapors  of  unaltered  isatin ;  the 
greater  portion  of  the  substance  being  never- 
theless decomposed,  and  leaving  a  copious 
carbonaceous  residue.  Concentrated  cold  ni- 
tric acid  readily  dissolves  isatin,  forming  a 
brownish  red  liquid  which  deposits  unaltered 
isatin,  while  if  the  liquid  be  boiled,  lively  re- 
action ensues,  and  oxalic  acid  is  formed. 

Isatin  is  easily  acted  on  by  chlorine,  and 


ACTION  OF  NITRIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      125 

yields  products  derived  by  substitution.  The 
isatin  must  be  diluted  with  water,  and  a  cur- 
rent of  chlorine  gas  passed  through,  when 
mono-chlorinated  isatin,  Cl&H*ClNO\  is  first 
formed,  while  if  the  action  of  chlorine  be  pro- 
longed U-Morinated  isatin,  G1&SZC12NO\  is 
produced ;  the  same  compounds  being  obtained 
by  causing  chlorine  to  act  on  indigo. 

When  a  concentrated  solution  of  potash  is 
poured  over  isatin,  there  results  first,  a  violet 
colored  liquid,  which,  by  boiling,  and  after 
being  diluted  with  water,  is  converted  into  a 
yellowish  solution  depositing  crystals  on  eva- 
poration. Here  isatin  has  seized  upon  the 
elements  of  1  equiv.  of  water,  and  been  con- 
verted into  a  new, acid  called  isatic  acid.  The 
formula  otisatate  of  potash  being  KO^H^NO5. 

By  submitting  isatin  to  action  of  reducing 
agents,  it  is  changed  into  Isathyd}  C16H6N04,  by 
a  reaction  exactly  similar  to  that  which  con- 
verts blue  into  white  indigo — Sul£>hydrate  of 
ammonia  being  poured  into  a  hot  alcoholic 
solution  of  isatin  and  the  mixture  being  allowed 


126        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

to  rest  for  a  few  days,  sulphur  is  deposited  at 
.the  same  time  with  laminated  crystals  of  isathyd 
which  are  colorless  or  slightly  grayish.  They 
are  insoluble  in  water,  but  slightly  soluble  in 
boiling  alcohol,  from  which  they,  are  deposited 
in  cooling,  and  they  are  decomposed  by  heat. 
By  treating  mono  and  bi-chlorinated  isatin  in 
the  same  manner,  there  result  mono- chlorinated 
Isathyd,  G16H5CINO\  and  U- chlorinated  Isathyd, 
C16H4C12NO*. 

If  sulphuric  acid  gas  be  substituted  for 
sulphydrate  of  ammonia,  the  isatin  is  not  satis- 
fied with  one  equivalent  of  hydrogen,  but  also 
exchanges  2  equivalents  of  oxygen  for  2  equiva- 
lents of  sulphur,  and  furnishes  a  new  substance, 
the  Bi-sulphisathyd,  C16H«N02S2,  which,  when 
heated  with  an  alcoholic  solution  of  potash, 
forms  a  red  liquid  depositing  colorless  crystals 
of  sulphisathyd,  ^H^NO^S. 

If,  on  the  contrary,  the  bi-sulphisathyd  be 
heated  with  a  highly  concentrated  solution  of 
potash,  the  two  equivalents  of  sulphur  are  re- 
moved and  a  rose-colored  liquid  is  obtained 


ACTION  OF  NITEIC  ACID  ON  INDIGO.      127 

holding  a  rose-colored  substance  in  solution, 
of  the  same  elementary  composition  with  white 
indigo,  and  which  has  received  the  name  of 
Indin. 


DYEING  WITH  INDIGO  VAT.  129 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

DYEING    WITH    INDIGO   VAT. 

Preparation  of  Vats. 

THE  preparation  for  dyeing  blue  is  not  done 
in  kettles  like  the  other  colors,  but  in  large 
wooden  vessels  called  vats  which  are  estab- 
lished in  a  place  rendered  proper  to  keep  the 
heat.  In  many»  shops  they  now  prepare  a 
copper  vat  fixed  in  the  ground,  and  which  is 
buried  about  24  inches  from  the  bottom ;  at 
this  height  they  made  a  furnace  without  grate, 
where  they  pass  a  steam-pipe  to  heat  round 
the  kettle  so  to  keep  the  bath  always  'at  86 
or  122°. 

We  distinguish  under  the  name  of  dyeing 


130        BLUES  AND  CABMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

bath  three  kinds  of  vats:  1°,  the  vat  with 
lime  and  sulphate  of  iron ;  2°,  the  blue  stone 
vat;  3°,  and  the  woad  vat. 

The  vat  with  green  vitriol  can  be  composed 
with  75  gallons  of  water,  4  Ibs.  of  indigo,  5  Ibs. 
of  sulphate  of  iron,  5  Ibs.  of  lime,  and  1  Ib.  of 
soda.  Begin  to  reduce  the  indigo  into  very 
fine  powder,  and  to  slack  the  lime ;  afterwards 
wash  the  powder  in  lye,  and  dissolve  the  sul- 
phate of  iron.  This  being  done,  put  the  water, 
indigo,  lime,  soda,  and  sulphate  of  iron  in  a 
deep  kettle ;  shake  the  whole  well ;  raise  the 
temperature  of  the  bath  to  104  or  122°  ;  main- 
tain at  this  temperature  the  first  two  hours, 
then  pass  the  stuffs.  When,  after  using  it,  the 
bath  begins  to  weaken,  add  to  it  4  Ibs.  sulphate 
of  iron,  and  2  Ibs.  of  quicklime  so  to  dissolve 
the  portion  of  indigo  which  by  the  contact 
with  the  air  has  oxygenized,  and  precipitated. 
It  is  only  sometimes  after  this  addition,  that  it 
is  necessary  to  throw  a  new  quantity  of  indigo. 

The  blue  stone  vat  is  a  mixture  of — 


DYEING  WITH  INDIGO  VAT.  131 

100  pails  of  water, 
12  Ibs.  Potash  or  Soda, 
4      «    Bran, 
4      "    Madder. 

The  alkali,  madder,  and  bran  being  diluted 
in  water,  boil  some  time ;  carry  afterwards  the 
liquor  and  residue  into  a  kettle  having  a 
conical  form,  on  a  furnace  ;  add  the  indigo  well 
ground,  and  stir  well.  Cover  the  vat,  and 
make  fire  round,  and  keep  the  bath  at  the  tem- 
perature of  104  to  122°;  shake  the  bath,  and 
repeat  that  operation  every  twelve  hours  till 
ready  to  dye,  which  is  ordinarily  the  case  after 
48  hours.  The  bath  must  be  then  of  a  fine 
yellow  color  covered  with  cupreous  pastes,  and 
a  blue  skim.  WHen  you  dye,  the  bath  becomes 
weaker  because  a  great  quantity  of  coloring 
matter  is  oxygenated,  and  precipitated.  You 
can  redissolve  it  in  boiling  a  portion  of  the 
liquor  of  the  vat  in  adding  to  it  the  quarter  of 
the  quantity  of  alkali,  the  quarter  of  the  quan- 
tity of  bran,  and  the  quarter  of  the  quantity  of 
madder  used  primitively,  and  in  pouring  the 


132         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

mixture  in  the  vat  itself.  "When  you  ascer- 
tain that  the  indigo  is  exhausted,  add  a  new 
quantity.  It  is  evident  that  in  this  vat  the 
deoxidizing  agents  are  the  bran  and  madder. 

The  woad  vat  is  very  similar  to  the  above ; 
it  differs  only  by  this,  it  enters  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  pastil  and  lime  in  its  composition  and 
no  potash  or  soc^a.  The  quantity  of  matters  to 
use  are  the  following  :— - 

1000  to  1125  gls.  of  Water, 
415  Ibs.  of  Pastil, 
8       "     "  Woad, 
2        "     "  Lime, 
20J   «     «  Indigo. 

1.  Boil  the  water  in  a  kettle  for  three  hours 
with  the  woad,  madder,  and  bran,  take  out  the 
woad  and  transvase  the  liquid  in  a  wooden  vat 
in  which  you  throw  the  pastil  well  divided. 

This  vat  is  about  8J  feet  deep,  and  6  feet  in 
diameter ;  it  is  placed  in  a  closed  room  and  put 
in  the  ground. 

During  all  the  time  you  transvase  and  at 


DYEING  WITH  INDIGO  VAT.  183 

least  for  J  of  an  hour  after,  you  must  shake  all 
the  matters  contained  in  the  bath  to  mix  them 
well. 

2.  Cover   exactly  the  vat  and  leave    it   6 
hours ;  shake  again  for  J  an  hour,  repeat  this 
operation  every  two  or  three  hours  till   you 
perceive  blue  veins  at  the  top ;   add  the  lime 
and  immediately  after,  the  powdered  indigo; 
shake  again  the  bath  twice  in  the  space  of  6 
hours  and  leave  to  settle ;  it  takes  a  good  yel- 
low color ;  then  you  can  pass  the  stuffs  in. 

3.  From  the  moment  the  bath  can  be  used 
it  is  necessary  to  throw  in  a  pound  of  slacked 
lime  and  to  heat  it  every  two  or  three  days  so 
to  keep  it  at  the  temperature  of  95  to  122°.  If 
you  have  no  steam  to  heat,  transvase  the  great- 
est part  of  tfre  liquid  in  a  kettle  under  which 
you  make  fire,  and  carrying  this  liquid  in  the 
vat,  and  covering  it  till  you  use  it. 

There  is  another  method  to  prepare  this 
vat.  "While  the  water  passes  in  the  vat,  add 
to  it  about  155  Ibs.  of  pastil  shells  par- 
tially softened  in  water ;  add  to  them  12  Ibs. 
of  indigo  in  fine  powder  with  as  less  water  as 
12 


134        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

possible,  and  when  very  thick,  stir  well  so  to 
mix  all  the  matters. 

"When  the  vat  is  full,  powder  its  surface 
with  6J  Ibs.  of  good  madder,  4  Ibs.  of  slacked 
lime,  and  4  quarts  of  bran ;  shut  the  vat ;  cover 
it  with  blankets,  and  leave  it  for  six  hours. 

Stir  the  vat  every  three  hours  for  half  an 
hour  every  time  till  you  perceive  blue  veins  at 
the  surface. 

Stir  again  twice  in  the  space  of  6  hours, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  last  stirring,  throw  at 
the  surface  from  7  to  8  ounces  of  lime.  The 
stirring  being  done,  cover  the  vat ;  three  hours 
after,  stir  anew  without  adding  lime,  except  if 
the  fermentation  is  too  quick ;  when  this  hap- 
pens add  at  the  end  of  the  stirring  23  to  25 
ounces  of  lime. 

At  this  time  the  bath  must  be  of  a  golden 
yellow  color ;  the  smell  must  not  be  too  sharp 
or  too  sweet ;  ascertain  again  that  the  vat  is  in 
a  good  state  when  there  appears  at  its  surface 
blue  veins,  and  a  light  skim  of  a  fine  blue  color. 

Stir  then  the  vat  every  three  hours  till  a 
specimen  put  for  half  an  hour  in  it,  is  drawn 


DYEING  WITH  INDIGO  VAT.  135 

off  of  a  fine  blue  color,  and  takes  quickly  the 
blue  color. 

Stir  again  for  the  last  time,  and  three  hours 
after  it  is  ready  to  work.  The  opening  of  the 
wool  is  done  with  36  yards  of  woollen  cloth  or 
the  same  equivalent  in  weight  of  wool ;  leave 
it  half  an  hour ;  wring  out.  If  the  wool  was 
not  dark  enough,  pass  again  once  or  twice 
according  to  the  shade  to  be  obtained. 

Stir  the  vat,  and  put  in  it  a  little  lime.  To 
warm  again  the  vat,  transvase  the  f  of  the  vat 
in  a  kettle,  and  heat  it  till  197° ;  pass  again 
the  bath  in  the  vat  in  stirring,  and  add  in  the 
same  time  from  2  to  4  Ibs.  of  indigo,  and 
from  time  to  time  a  little  pastil,  bran,  and 
madder  ;  keep  the  vat  well  covered. 

This  vat  is  governed  like  the  new  vat,  and 
well  conducted,  can  last  several  years.  When 
you  do  not  use  it,  stir  it  at  least  twice  a  week. 

Stuffs  dyed  blue  must  be  washed  carefully 
to  carry  away  the  parts  not  fixed  on  the  wool, 
and  for  the  dark  blue  it  is  best  to  press  them 
in  a  little  soap  water  which  does  not  act  on  the 
blue. 


136         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Dyeing  of  Silk  in  Blue. 

To  dye  the  silk  blue  they  use  the  woad  vat  de- 
scribed above ;  they  put  in,  more  indigo  than  the 
doses  indicated,  but  the  bran  and  madder  are 
the  same.  The  other  vats  cannot  be  used  to  dye 
silk  because  they  do  not  dye  quick  enough. 

When  the  vat  is  ready  to  use,  add  to  it  about 
two  pounds  of  carbonate  of  soda,  and  ^  of  mad- 
der ;  shake  the  whole  a  quarter  of  an  hour  after 
it  is  ready  to  use. 

Pour  the  silk  in  this  bath,  after  cooking  it 
with  30  per  cent,  of  soap  and  washing  it  well 
in  running  water.  As  the  silk  does  not  take 
a  smooth  color  easily,  it  is  better  to  dye  it  by 
small  portions,  and  when  dyed,  to  air  it;  throw 
it  in  pure  water  and  wring  it  out  several  times. 
The  silk  that  you  have  dyed  must  dry  very 
quick. 

When  the  bath  becomes  weaker  add  one 
pound  of  sub-carbonate  of  soda,  a  little  madder 
and  a  handful  of  well  washed  bran. 


DYEING  WITH  INDIGO  VAT.  137 

Indigo  alone  cannot  dye  the  silk  dark  blue, 
it  must  be  prepared  in  giving  it  another  color 
or  bottom.  For  the  Turkish  Blue  they  give  first 
a  very  strong  bath  of  archil ;  one  less  strong 
for  the  King  Blue,  afterwards  they  pass  on  a 
new  vat.  The  other  blues  are  done  without 
bottom. 

You  can  make  a  blue  as  dark  as  the  king 
blue  in  using  cochineal  instead  of  archil,  to 
give  it  more  solidity ;  it  is  then  called  fine  blue. 


Dyeing  stuffs  Hue  with  the  soluble  blue  and 
distillated  indigo. 

Boil  the  wool  one  hour  in  a  bath  of  cream 
tartar,  4  ounces  by  every  pound  of  wool,  raise, 
in  the  same  bath  put  some  soluble  blue  or  dis- 
tillated indigo  previously  dissolved  in  water. 
Boil  till  the  required  shade. 

On  wool  and  silk  tissues  give  a  boiling  with 
cream  tartar  and  alum,  and  dye  as  wool  but 
without  boiling. 

For  the  silk,  mordant  tepid,  and  in  this  bath 
12* 


138        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

put  a  certain  quantity  of  soluble  blue  according 
to  the  shade  to  be  obtained. 

According  to  Mr.  Chevreul,  you  can  dye 
blue,  20  Ibs.  of  wool  by  the  following  pro- 
cess : — 

Mordant  at  158°  with— 

2  Ibs.  10  ounces  of  Alum, 
22J  ounces  of  Cream  Tartar. 

Handle  the  wool  in  for  half  an  hour ;  raise  ; 
give  air,  and  add  in  the  bath  more  or  less  car- 
mine of  indigo  dissolved  according  to  the  shade, 
and  work  the  wool  in  till  the  required  color. 
If  you  wish  to  obtain  a  violaceous  lilac  with 
the  carmine,  add  a  little  ammoniacal  cochineal . 


Logwood  Blue. 

These  blues  are  not  as  solid  as  those  ob- 
tained by  indigos  or  prussiate  of  iron.  This 
dye  is  done  like  the  Brazil  red  if  it  is  that 


DYEING  WITH   INDIGO  VAT.  139 

they  add  to  the  bath  some  verdigris  or  alkali. 
For  one  pound  of  mordanted  wool  use — 

If  ounces  of  Wood, 
15  to  20  pints  of  Water, 
f  ounces  Yerdigris. 

They  use  also  Logwood  and  verdigris  to 
remount  a  light  bottom  of  solid  or  vat  blue, 
but  those  kinds  of  blues  are  not  solid. 


ASSAY  OF  THE  COLORS.  14:1 


CHAPTER  XYIL 


ASSAY  OF  THE  COLORS. 
Assay  of  the  Blues. 

THERE  are  four  kinds  of  blues,  viz : — 

Indigo, 

Prussian  Blue^ 
Logwood, 
Ultramarine. 

Indigo  has  for  generic  characteristic  to  be 
destroyed  by  heat  without  residue  and  to  be 
decolorized  by  chlorine,  nitric  acid. 

The  soluble  blue  is  not  alterable  by  potash. 

The  Saxony  Hue  disappears  by  potash,  but 
can  be  re-established  by  the  action  of  an  acid. 


142        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO.  - 

The  Prussian  Hue  has  for  generic  character- 
istic to  be  destroyed  by  heat  in  leaving  a  resi- 
due of  peroxide  of  iron ;  it  is  not  attacked  by 
chlorine  but  decolorized  by  potash. 

The  Logwood  Hue  when  touched  by  an  acid 
turns  red,  is  decolorized  by  heat,  and  leaves  on 
the  cloth  a  brownish  residue  of  alumina  and 
oxide  of  iron ;  dissolved  in  nitric  acid,  the  ash 
gives  a  liquor  which  turns  blue  by  ammonia. 

Ultramarine  is  rarely  employed ;  it  is  ascer- 
tained by  its  shade  and  its  unalterability  by 
the  fire.  Hydrochloric  acid  decolorizes  it, 
nitric  acid  decolorizes  it  completely. 

The  mixed  Hue  Prussian  and  Saxony  are 
detected  by  chlorine  or  nitric  acid,  which  de- 
stroys the  second  and  leaves  the  first  intact. 


Assay  of  the  Reds. 

All  reds,  except  the  saffron  rose,  which  is 
destroyed  by  chlorine  and  by  heat  without 
residue,  belong  to  the  colors  which  are  the 
result  of  the  combination  of  a  mordant  of  alu- 


ASSAY  OF  THE  COLORS. 

mina  or  alumina  and  oxide  of  tin  with  a  color- 
ing matter. 

Their  general  character  is  to  be  destroyed 
by  chlorine,  to  leave  a  residue  by  incineration. 
They  can  be  divided  into  three  classes : — 

Red  formed  by  Madder  and  derivatives, 
"       "         "  Cochineal, 
"       "        "   Wood. 

Treated  by  hydrochloric  acid  the  red  formed 
by  madder  turns  yellow  or  yellow  orange ;  thus 
modified,  if  they  are  dipped  in  a  milk  lime 
bath,  all  places  touched  by  acids  take  a  fine 
violet  shade,  which  becomes  rose  in  passing 
them  in  soap  water. 

The  reds  by  cochineal  and  wood,  by  acid 
take  a  current  shade,  passed  in  lime  water  they 
form  a  violet  which  disappears  in  soap. 

Concentrated  sulphuric  acid  turns  the  coch- 
ineal into  a  bright  cherry  red,  and  the  wood 
into  yellow  orange. 


14:4        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Assay  of  Yellows. 

They  are  distinguished  into  woad,  quercitron, 
fustic,  turmeric,  astringent  substances,  annotto, 
chrome,  orpiment,  nankin,  and  rust. 

Yellows  with  quercitron  are  destroyed  by 
chlorine,  but  do  not  turn  sensibly  orange  by 
alkalies ;  chloride  of  tin,  nitric  acid  give  them 
a  reddish  color. 

Fustic  Yellows  are  destroyed  by  chlorine. 
Potash  turns  them  Turkish  yellow  ;  treated  by 
chloride  of  tin  they  pass  orange.  Treated  by 
nitric  acid  they  take  a  dust  color.  Orange  or 
Nankin  by  fustic  turn  red  by  sulphuric  acid, 
and  catechu  shade  by  potash;  they  are  de- 
stroyed by  nitric  acid. 

Turmeric  yellows  are  decolorized  by  chlo- 
rine, and  turn  red  orange  by  alkalies. 

Sumach  yellows  take  a  lighter  shade  by 
chloride  of  tin ;  redden  by  nitric  acift. 

The  orange  yellow  by  annotto  are  attacked 
with  difficulty  by  chlorine ;  they  pass  greenish 


ASSAY  OF  THE  COLORS.  145 

blue  by  sulphuric  acid;  they  take  a  dark  shade, 
and  disappear  by  nitric  acid. 

Chrome  yellows  are  not  destroyed  by  heat ; 
they  are  not  attacked  by  weak  hydrochloric 
acid,  but  destroyed  by  concentrated  hydro- 
chloric acid;  they  are  dissolved  and  decolor- 
ized by  caustic  potash ;  they  are  transformed 
in  orange  when  dipped  in  boiling  lime  water. 

Orpiment  yellows  are  not  attacked  by  hydro- 
chloric acid,  soluble  in  potash,  destroyed  by 
nitric  acid. 

Nankins  and  Busts  give  a  residue  by  incine- 
ration ;  chlorine  is  without  action  on  them ; 
hydrochloric  acid  attacks  them.  A  mixture  of 
hydrochloric  acid  and  chloride  of  tin  reduces 
immediately  the  rust,  and  makes  it  appear 
white  all  places  it  touches.  Hydrochloric 
acid  and  prussiate  of  potash  applied  on  the 
rust  produce  a  blue  color. 


13 


146         BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Assays  of  Green. 

Greens  are  divided  into  four  kinds,  viz : — 

Green  with  Indigo, 
"        "     Prussian  Blue, 

"     Vegetal  Coloring  Matters, 
"        "     Mineral  Salts. 

Greens  with  indigo  are  destroyed  by  heat 
without  leaving  any  other  residue  than  the  one 
furnished  by  the  yellow  alone,  and  they  are 
destroyed  by  chlorine  in  leaving  the  yellow. 

With  Prussian  Hue  the  color  is  not  destroyed 
by  chlorine,  but  is  attacked  by  potash,  which 
destroys  the  blue  and  yellow. 

"With  vegetable  coloring  matters,  the  blue  is 
destroyed  by  chlorine;  with  logwood  it  reddens 
by  acids. 

The  green  with  metallic  salts,  such  as  arsenite 
of  copper,  turns  yellow  by  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  passes  blue  by  ammonia. 


ASSAY  OF  THE  COLOES.  147 


Assay  of  the   Violets. 

Violets  with  madder  leave  by  incineration  a 
residue  of  peroxide  of  iron,  and  are  decolorized 
by  chlorine ;  treated  by  hydrochloric  acid,  they 
take  a  dirty  orange  color,  passed  in  a  milk  of 
lime.  All  parts  touched  by  acids  take  a  violet 
blue  shade,  that  they  keep  in  a  bath  $£  boiling 
soap. 

Violets  with  logwood,  when  incinerated,  leave 
a  white  ash,  are  destroyed  by  chlorine ;  treated 
by  hydrochloric  acid  they  turn  red. 

Violets  with  cochineal  leave  always  an  iron 
residue  when  incinerated. 

Violets  with  orkpnet  are  slightly  attacked  by 
chlorine;  they  do  not  turn  red  by  nitric  or 
hydrochloric  acids ;  they  turn  blue  by  potash. 


COMMERCIAL  ESSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         149 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO. 
Process  by  Immediate  Analysis. 

HAVING  occasion  to  examine  some  commer- 
cial indigos,  I  was  struck  by  the  great 
variation  which  existed  in  the  different' 
methods  of  assay,  and  not  being  sure  of  the 
best  process,  I  resolved  to  try  which  was  the 
quickest  and  most  exact  method.  Having  at 
my  disposition  a  great  many  kinds  of  indigo, 
my  researches  were  more  easy. 

I  examined  first  what  were  the  constituent 

principles  contained  in  the  indigos,  and  what 

were  the  quantities,  and  at  last  I  weighed  the 

coloring  matter  by  different  methods,  in  order 

13* 


150         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

to  ascertain  which  was  the  best ;  this  work  has 
engaged  me  nearly  one  year. 


Research  of  the  Immediate  Principles. 

In  the  search  of  the  immediate  principles 
contained  in  indigos,  I  have  followed  the 
process  indicated  by  Mr.  ChevreVl,1  and  have 
arrived  at  the  same  results,  only  with  variation 
in  the  proportions.  I  think  proper  to  recall 
succinctly  the  method  of  proceeding  with  suc- 
cess. 

Indigos  were  treated,  1st,  by  water ;  2d,  by 
alcohol ;  3d;  by  hydrochloric  acid. 


Action  of  Water. 

Dry  indigo  in  fine  powder  is  treated  by 
water  for  12  hours  at  a  gentle  heat  (86°  to 
104°) ;  decant  the  liquor,  and  filter ;  continue 


1  Ann.  dpBJhi.  et  de  Phys.     Vol.  66,  page  5. 


COMMEKCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         151 

thus  till  the  indigo  is  completely  exhausted. 
I  distil  the  liquids  which  give  me  an  ammo- 
niacal  water,  and  I  finish  the  evaporation  in  a 
porcelain  dish ;  by  evaporation  the  liquid 
becomes  covered  with  a  blue  skim  ;  at  the  end 
of  the  evaporation  greenish  flakes  are  precipi- 
tated, and  they  are  separated  by  decantation. 

Once  the  washing  waters  in  syrupy  consist- 
ence, I  add  Alcohol  at  95°,  and  filter;  the 
liquor  has  a  red  scarlet  color ;  I  diluted  with 
water,  and  heated.  It  disengages  ammonia: 
weak  acids  turn  it  green;  concentrated  acids 
precipitate  a  green  matter. 
Water  dissolves — 

Ammonia, 

White  Indigo, 

Green  Matter, 

Gum, 

Extractive  Matter  (small  quantity). 


152        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Action  of  Alcohol. 

Indigo  exhausted  by  water  was  dried,  and 
treated  by  alcohol ;  the  first  washings  are  red, 
the  following  are  purple  violet,  and  at  last 
blues.  I  concentrated  them;  they  have  a 
blackish-red  residue,  which  is  treated  by  warm 
water.  It  takes  a  yellowish-green  color,  and 
turns  red  by  alkalies;  this  phenomenon  is  due 
to  the  green  matter.  The  residue  of  the  evapo- 
ration well  washed,  treated  by  cold  alcohol 
becomes  of  a  purple  red ;  it  dissolves  a  green 
resin. 

The  matter  insoluble  in  cold  alcohol  is  blue, 
and  has  all  the  properties  of  indigo. 

Alcohol  then  dissolves — 

Green  Matter, 
Red  Resin, 
Indigo. 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         153 


Action  of  Weak  Hydrochloric  Acid. 

Weak  hydrochloric  acid  takes  to  indigo — 

Oxide  of  Iron, 
Alumina, 
Carbonate  of  Lime, 
Red  Resin. 

The  residue  consist  in — 

Silica,) 

Indigo. 

It  is  incinerated,  and  the  ashes  represent  the 
Silica. 

I  operated  on  38  varieties  of  indigo,  viz : 
9  Java,  1  Bengalis,  6  Caracas,  3  Guatemala, 
3  Madras,  3  Manilla,  4  Bombay,  1  Philippines, 
3  Polygonum  Tinctorium. 

The  results  obtained  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table. 


154  BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


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ELEMENTARY  COMPOSITION  OF  INDIGOS.          155 


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156        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


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COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.          157 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO. 
Estimation  of  Water  and  Ashes. 

THE  estimation  of  water  and  ashes  is  a  very 
important  operation;  for  it  is  often  the  case 
that  indigos  of  first  quality  are  damaged  by 
sea  water,  and  give  them  a  more  elevated 
weight  than  it  is»in  reality ;  by  the  estimation 
of  ashes  it  gives  approximately  the  quantity 
of  coloring  matter  contained  in  the  indigo. 

Estimation  of  Water. 

Take  from  15  to  24  grains  of  indigo  in  fine 
powder ;  put  it  in  a  porcelain  dish,  and  heat  it 
14 


158        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

at  220°  in  an  oven;    leave  it  till  completely 
dry,  i.  e.,  till  the  weight  does  not  change. 

The  following  table  gives  the  quantity  of 
water  contained  in  each  indigo. 


TABLE  INDICATING  WATER  IN  INDIGOS.      159 


Table  indicating  the  quantity  of  Water  contained 

iivt    Tvtrl'innR 


in  Indigos. 


Nature  of  the  Indigo. 

JAVA. 

Water  per  < 
.    2.5 

Purple 

.    2.8 

Fine 

.     2.9 

Surfme  Purple 

.     2.1 

"      Violet  . 

.    2.5 

Fine  Blue 

.        .        .    2.6 

"    Violet 

.     3.8 

Fine 

.    4.9 

Blue  Black 

.     3.7 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  Purple 

.    5.4 

Fine  Violet 

.     1.3 

Surfine  " 

.     6.1 

Fine        " 

...    2:2 

Fine  Violet  Red 

.    2.3 

Violet- 

.    2.3 

Low  Cupreous  . 

.    2.7 

160        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 
Nature  of  the  Indigo.  Water  per  cent. 

CARACAS  .        .        ...        .5.0 

Idem  .         .         .         .         .5.0 

Idem 5.3 

Idem 4.8 

Idem 4.7 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath 2.8 

Blue 2.7 

Violaceous         .        ,        .        .1.9 

MADRAS 3.4 

Idem         .        .         .  *      .         .8.7 
Idem 3.5 

MANILLA. 

Blue         ...        .        ,        .5.8 

Dark 5.9 

Very  Dark         ....    5.5 

BOMBAY. 

Light  Blue        .        .        .        .4.8 

Tarnish 4.7 

Spotted 4.7 

Brown  Black     .  3.2 


TABLE  INDICATING  WATER  IN  INDIGOS.      161 
Nature  of  the  Indigo.  Water  per  cent. 

PHILIPPINES 6.5 

Indigo  of  the  Polygonum 

Tinctorium    .         .         .         .5.5 

Idem 5.9 

Idem         .        .        .        .        .4.5 

"We   see  by  the   above   numbers   that   the 
quantity  of  water  depases  rarely  6  per  cent. 
The  Java  contains  in  mean     .         .         .     8.08 
Bengalis         "         "       "        .        .         .     3.18 
Caracas  »"*.••    4.96 

Guatemala  "  '"  "  .  .  .  2.46 
Madras  "  "  "  .  ...  3.53 
Manilla  "  "  "  '  .  .  .  5.73 
Bombay  "  "  "  4.35 

Polygonum  "    '    "       "         .         .         .     5.30 


Determination  of  Ashes. 

Having  thus  valuated  the  quantity  of  water, 
I  determined  by  an  incineration  the  quantity 
of  ashes  and  organic  matters  contained  in  each 
indigo  ;  for  that  I  take  15  J  grs.  of  dry  indigo ; 


162        BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

I  heat  it  first  slowly  in  a  platina  dish,  and  ter- 
minated the  calcination  in  a  reverberatory 
furnace. 

The  following  table  gives  the  quantity  of 
ashes  and  organic  matters  contained  in  the 
indigo. 


OBGANIC  MATTERS  IN  INDIGOS.  163 


Organic  Hatters  and  Ashes  contained  in  Indigos. 


1.6 
3.5 
2.0 
8.0 
7.5 
5.0 
6.5 
8.5 
14.0 

2.0 
1.5 
5.5 
7.0 
5.0 
9.0 
12.0 


Nature  of  Indigo. 

JAVA. 

Organic  Mat 

Surfine 

.    98.4 

Purple 

Fine 

.    96.5 
.    98.0 

Surfine  Purple  . 
11      Violet   . 

.    97.0 
.    92.5 

Fine  Blue 

.    95.0 

"      Violet 
Fine          ... 
Blue  Black 

.    93.5 
.    91.5 
.    86.0 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  Purple 
Fine  Violet 

.    98.0 
.    98.5 

Surfine  Violet  . 

.    94.5 

Fine           "       . 

.    93.0 

"            "     Bed     . 

.    95.0 

Violet 

.    91.0 

Low  Cupreous  , 

.    88.0 

164:         BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Nature  of  Indigo. 

Organic  Matters. 

Ashes 

Caracas 

.     98.0 

2.0 

Idem 

.    95.0 

5.0 

Idem 

.    S7.5 

12.5 

Idem 

.    89.0 

11.0 

Idem 

.    87.0 

13.0 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath    . 

.'      .    96.0 

4.0 

Blue 

.     92.5 

7.5 

Violaceous 

.    87.0 

13.0 

MADRAS 

.     90.5 

9.5 

Idem 

.     84.5 

15.5 

Idem 

.     73.0 

27.0 

MANILLA. 

Blue 

.    83.0 

17.0 

Dark 

.    83.5 

16.5 

Very  Dark 

.    85.0 

15.0 

BOMBAY. 

Light  Blue 

.    85.0 

15.0 

Tarnish  w. 

.     80.0 

20.0 

Spotted     . 

.    70.0 

30.0 

Brown  Black     , 

79.0 

21.0 

ORGANIC  MATTERS  IN  INDIGOS.          165 
Nature  of  Indigo.  Organic  Matters.    Ashes. 

PHILIPPINES         .        .        .  81.5  18.5 
Indigo  of  the  Polygonum 

Tinctorium    .        .        .  82.0  18.0 

Idem         ....  78.0  22.0 

Idem         ....  70.0  30.0 

We  see  that  by  an  incineration  alone  it  is 
possible  to  ascertain  nearly  the  nature  of  an 
indigo ;  the  more  earthy  matters  it  contains, 
the  less  rich  it  is  in  coloring  matter.  The 
greater  part  of  the  earth  can  be  attributed  to 
that  attached  to  the  plant,  and  introduced 
mechanically  during  the  operation  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  indigo.  We  see  that  the  indigo 
contains  a  mean  of —  * 

The  Java    .     *  .  5.73  percent,  of  ashes. 

Bengalis      .  .  7.00  .  " 

Caracas       .  .  8.70  " 

Guatemala  .  .  8.16  " 

Madras        .  .  17.30  " 

Manilla       .  .  16.10 

Bombay      .  .  21.50 

Polygonum  .  23.30  " 


166        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

These  preliminary  assays  being  done,  I 
pass  immediately  to  the  estimation  of  the  co- 
loring matter  by  the  different  processes. 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         167 


CHAPTER  XX. 

COMMERCIAL   ASSAYS   OF  INDIGO. 

Estimation  by  the  Vat. 

THE  processes  of  weighing  the  coloring  mat- 
ters are  numerous;  hence  so  many  errors.  I 
have  endeavored  to  ascertain  by  trying  all 
the  methods,  which  is  the  best,  and  it  is  those 
different  experiments  I  am  presenting  now. 

Estimation  by  Precipitation  of  Indigotine. 

IST  PROCESS. — Take  155  grains  of  dried 
and  powdered  indigo;  reduce  it  into  a  paste 
and  introduce  it  into  a  porcelain  dish  with  310 


168        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

grains  of  sulphate  of  iron  and  2  quarts  of  water; 
boil  a  few  minutes.  Add  to  it  from  1 J  to  If 
ounces  of  caustic  soda ;  shake  well ;  cover  the 
dish,  and  leave  it  to  settle. 

When  all  is  deposited,  decant  carefully  the 
liquid;  on  the  deposit  pour  H  quart  of  water; 
boil  ten  minutes;  leave  to  settle,  and  decant 
anew. 

To  the  deposit  add  155  grains  of  sulphate  of 
iron,  310  grains  of  caustic  soda  ;  boil ;  leave  to 
settle,  and  decant. 

Eepeat  the  operation  as  long  as  the  liquid 
colors  in  the  air. 

When  the  liquid  does  not  color,  add  to  the 
decanted  water  some  hydrochloric  acid ;  leave 
to  settle,  and  decant. 

Throw  the  deposit  on  a  dried  and  weighed 
filter. 

Wash  the  precipitate  with  water  till  it  passes 
pure. 

Dry  it  at  248°  ;  weigh  it.  Its  weight  indi- 
cates the  quantity  of  coloring  matter. 

2o  PROCESS. — Operate  the  same  as  above, 
only  to  have  less  liquid,  use — 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.        169 

Indigo  .        .         .     15J  grains. 

Sulphate  of  Iron  .        .31         " 
Soda     .        .        .        .     62  to  77  grains. 
"Water  ....    1  pint. 

SD  PROCESS.  —  The  two  above  processes  on 
account  of  the  length  of  time  occupied,  can  be 
modified  in  the  following  manner  :  — 

Treat  the  indigo  at  the  temperature  of  194° 
by  soda  and  sulphate  of  iron. 

Introduce  the  whole  in  a  ground  stoppered 
bottle. 

Heat  Several  hours  in  a  water  bath  ;  leave 
to  settle  ;  decant  a  certain  quantity  of  liquor  in 
a  graduated  glass;  precipitate  the  indigotine 
by  hydrochloric  acid  ;  filter  ;  wash  and  dry  at 


I  always  operate  on  15J  grains  of  indigo, 
and  4  pints  of  water,  and  decant  only  3  pints 
of  liquid. 

I  suppose  that  in  3  pints  I  found  7.75  grains 
of  indigotine.    1  obtain  the  total  quantity  by 
the  following  equation  :  — 
15 


170        BLUES  AND  CAEMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


3  :  7.75  :  :  4  :  x  =  7'75  x  4  =  10.33  =  66.64  per  cent. 
3 


The  numbers  obtained  by  the  three  processes 
are  given  in  the  following  table. 


TABLE  OF  PROPORTIONS,  ETC. 


171 


Table  indicating  the  Proportions  of  Indigotine  in 
100  Parts  of  Indigo. 


NATURE  OP  INDIGO. 

First 
process. 

Second 
process. 

Third 
process. 

JAVA. 

Surfine  .... 

94.5 

95.0 

95.5 

Purple  .... 

87.0 

87.7 

88.9 

Fine       .... 

87.0 

87.5 

88.0 

Surfine  purple 

82.0 

82.6 

83.8 

Surfine  violet 

72.0 

72.4 

73.9 

Fine  blue 

71.5 

72.6 

72.8 

Fine  violet 

69.9 

70.0 

70.9 

Fine       .... 

69.9 

70.0 

70.9 

Blue-black     . 

54.0 

54.9 

55.8 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  purple 

93.5 

94.0 

94.9 

Fine  violet 

83.0 

84.3 

84.9 

Surfine  violet          « 

80.5 

81.2 

81.8 

Fine  violet     . 

72.0 

72.4 

73.9 

Fine  violet  red 

73.0 

74.4 

74.8 

Violet    .... 

64.5 

64.9 

65.7 

Low  cupreous 

44.0 

44.8 

45.1 

CAEACAS    .... 

79.0 

80.8 

81.0 

Idem                         .9 

73.0 

74.4 

74.9 

Idem      .... 

64.4 

64.9 

65.9 

Idem      .... 

57.5 

58.0 

59.0   ' 

Idem      .... 

54.0 

54.9 

55.9 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath 

75.8 

76.2 

77.9 

Blue       .... 

65.0 

66.6 

67.8 

Violaceous     . 

52.2 

53.4 

54.0 

MADRAS     .... 

55.4 

56.6 

57.9 

Idem      .... 

40.9 

41.1 

42.1 

Idem      .... 

30.0 

30.9 

31.9 

MAXILLA. 

Blue       .... 

48.7 

49.2 

49.8 

Dark      .... 

40.9 

41.2 

42.0 

Very  dark 

39.0 

39.1 

39.9 

172        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Table  indicating  the  Proportions  of  Indigotine  in 
100  Parts  of  Indigo — Concluded. 


NATURE  OF  INDIGO. 

First 
process. 

Second 
process. 

Third 
process. 

BOMBAY. 

Light  blue      . 

33.7 

34.3 

34.9 

Tarnish 

30.0 

30.8 

31.1 

Spotted 

27.4 

27.9 

28.8 

Brown-black 

25.2 

26.4 

27.1 

PHILIPPINES 

42.0 

42.3 

43.2 

POLYGONUM   TlNCTORIUM 

42.0 

42.4 

43.0 

Idem 

25.4 

25.9 

27.9 

Idem 

11.5 

12.4 

14J 

We  see  that  the  first  process  gives  too  weak 
numbers ;  the  second  gives  some  more  elevated, 
and  at  last  the  third  is  the  nearer  to  the  num- 
bers found  by  immediate  analysis. 

By  the  first  process,  whatever  was  the  care 
taken,  it  was  impossible  to  exhaust  completely 
the  vat,  and  there  remains  always  a  certain 
quantity  of  coloring  matter  in  the  precipitate 
which  stays  undissolved,  and  occasions  a  more 
or  less  lost,  and  besides  operating  on  a  large 
quantity  of  liquid,  there  is  always  some  lost 
during  the  filtrations. 

The  second  process  presents  the  same  incon- 


COLORING  MATTER  ON  WOOLLEN  THREADS.    173 

veniences,  but  at  a  less  degree,  the  quantity  of 
matters  used  being  less. 

In  the  third  process  we  operate  on  a  deter- 
mined quantity  of  liquid;  the  difficulty  is 
removed,  for  all  the  indigo  is  in  solution  in 
the  liquid;  we  have  then  an  homogeneous 
liquor,  and  if  it  is  a  lost,  it  is  only  during  the 
filtrations. 

For  persons  wishing  to  make  analysis  of 
indigo  by  the  vat  process,  we  recommend  them 
the  third. 


Estimation  by  Precipitation  of  the  Coloring  Mat- 
ter on  Woollen  Threads. 

This  process  is  very  difficult,  and  requires 
the  sure  eye  of  the  dyer  to  judge  of  the  rich- 
ness of  the  coloring  matter,  and  besides,  it 
requires  a  great  habit  of  manipulations,  but 
its  advantages  are  that  it  permits  to  judge 
of  the  beauty  of  the  color. 

For  a  chemist  this  process  is  impracticable, 
for  he  will  always  find  numbers  lower  than  the 
15* 


174        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

reality,  but  it  is  a  good  method  for  a  dyer,  who 
without  telling  exactly  the  richness  of  an  in- 
digo;  would  ascertain  easily  its  quality. 

To  execute  this  process  prepare  two  vats, 
one  with  pure  indigotine,  the  other  with  the 
indigo  to  assay.  Employ  the  following  pro- 
portions : — 

With  Indigotine.     With  Indigo. 

Coloring  matter       .  15J  grs.  15J  grs. 

Sulphate  of  Iron      .  54J    "  54 J    " 

Potash     .        .        .  54J    «  54J    " 
Water      ...       1  quart.  1  quart. 

The  bottles  are  entirely  full ;  leave  to  rest  J 
an  hour,  and  dip  in  it  31  grains  of  woollen 
thread ;  leave  it  10  minutes,  and  make  the 
same  with  pure  indigotine. 

This  assay  is  little  satisfactory  on  account  of 
the  difficulty  in  exhausting  completely  the 'vat 
in  handling  in  skeins  of  wool  of  an  equal 
weight,  and  it  is  difficult  to  compare  the  quan- 
tity of  dye  wool  to  the  one  which  shall  be 
dyed  in  using  indigotine  the  same  manner. 
The  relative  value  of  the  color  only  can  be 


COLORING  MATTER  ON  WOOLLEN  THREADS.   175 

judged,  and  you  see  if  the  indigo  will  give  a 
fine  color. 

Nevertheless,  in  the  following  table  I  have 
given  the  results  obtained. 

Three  skeins  of  wool  weighing  31  grains 
each,  have  been  sufficient  to  exhaust  a  vat  in 
having  each  skein  in  it  five  minutes — the  gam 
was  from  30  shades.  "With  pure  indigotine  I 
have  had — 

31  grains  of  wool  to  the  shade       .    28 
31     "  "        "        "       .     .     15 

31     "  "        "        "  5 


176        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Table  indicating  the  Proportion  of  Indigotine  in 
100  Parts  of  Indigo  by  Dyeing  with  the  Vat. 


NATURE  OF  INDIGO. 

IST  EXPT. 
31  grs.  wool 
to  the  shade. 

ill 

Sji 

M  3 

3D  EXPT. 

31  grs.  wool 
to  the  shade. 

Indigo, 
per  cent. 

INDIGOTINE 

28.0 

15.0 

5.0 

100 

JAVA. 

Surfine  .... 

26.0 

14.0 

4.5 

93 

Purple  .... 

24.0 

13.0 

4.3 

86 

Fine       .... 

23.5 

12.5 

4.2 

84 

Surfine  purple 

22.4 

1  12.0 

4.0 

80 

Surfine  violet 

19.5 

10.5 

3.5 

70 

Fine  blue 

19.3 

10.3 

3.4 

69 

Fine  violet    . 

18.7 

9.8 

3.3 

67 

Blue      .... 

18.7 

9.8 

3.3 

67 

Blue-black    . 

14.5 

5.9 

2.6 

52 

BENGALIS. 

• 

Surfine  purple 

25.5 

13.6 

4.5 

91 

Fine  violet    . 

22.6 

12.1 

4.0 

81 

Surfine  violet 

22.0 

11.8 

3.9 

79 

Fine  violet    . 

20.1 

10.8 

3.6 

72 

Fine  violet  red 

20.0 

10.0 

4.0 

73 

Violet    .... 

15.5 

9.0 

3.0 

62 

Low  cupreous 

14.5 

6.0 

2.0 

41 

CARACAS         '  . 

22.0 

11.5 

4.0 

78 

Idem     .... 

20.0 

11.0 

3.0 

71 

Idem     .... 

17.5 

9.0 

3.0 

62 

Idem     .... 

16.0 

8.0 

2.3 

55 

Idem     .... 

15.0 

7.8 

2.0 

52 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath. 

21.0 

12.0 

3.0 

75 

Blue      .... 

18.0 

9.0 

3.0 

,    63 

Violaceous    . 

14.0 

8.0 

2.0 

51 

MADRAS    .... 

16.0 

8.3 

2.0 

55 

Idem     .... 

11.0 

6.0 

2.0 

40 

Idem     .         . 

8.4 

5.0 

1.0 

30 

PROPORTION  OF  INDIGO  IN  DYEING.     177 


Table  indicating  the  Proportion  of  Indigotine  in 
100  Parts  of  Indigo  ly  Dyeing  with  the  Vat — 
Concluded. 


,|| 

*!! 

sli 

i 

NATURE  OF  INDIGO. 

«  «'1 

1*1     p  A 

•9  S| 

".SPS 

M      &J 

<8  ^5 

3* 

-  So 

eo  o 

So 

MANILLA.               —  * 

Blue      .... 

14.0 

7.0 

2.0 

48 

Dark     .... 

11.0 

6.0 

2.0 

40 

Very  dark     . 

10.5 

5.7 

1.9 

38 

BOMBAY. 

Light  blue     . 

8.9 

4.8 

1.6 

32 

Tarnish   »      . 

7.8 

4.2 

1.4 

28 

Spotted 

7.0 

3.7 

1.2 

25 

Black-brown 

6.7 

3.6 

1.2 

24 

INDIGO  OP  PHILIPPINES 

10.0 

6.0 

2.0 

40 

INDIGO  OF  POLYG.  TINCT. 

10.0 

6.0 

2.0 

40 

Idem     .         .         .t 

7.0 

3.7 

1.2 

25 

3.3 

1.8 

Nearl 

12 

In  examining  the  above  table  we  see  that 
the  results  have  no  reliable  exactness,  and  that 
the  numbers  are  far  from  those  obtained  by  the 
other  methods.  Thus  the  Java  surfine  by  this 
process  gives  93  per  cent,  of  coloring  principle, 
while  by  the  immediate  analysis  it  gives  96 ; 


178        BLUES  AND  CABMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

by  the  precipitation  of  indigo  tine  from  a  vat  it 
gives  94.5,  95,  95.5 ;  but  while  T  have  a  differ-' 
ence  of  near  3  per  cent,  the  eye  of  a  dyer  re- 
cognizes an  indigo  of  first  quality. 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         179 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO. 
Assay  by  the  Sulphuric  Dissolution  of  Indigo. 

THE  following  processes  are  more  employed 
because  they  are  more  simple  and  more  rapid ; 
they  are  more  exact,  and  with  a  little  practice 
you  could  succeed  in  a  short  time  in  perform- 
ing them  well.  , 

(a.)  Assay  by  Dyeing. 

Take  a  little  glass  vial  in  which  you  intro- 
duce 15J  grains  of  the  indigo  to  try,  in  fine 
powder  and  dried ;  pour  on  it  J  an  ounce  of 
sulphuric  acid  at  66°. 


180        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

Eepeat  the  same  operation  with  15J  grains 
of  indigotine.  Heat  for  6  hours  at  149° ;  di- 
lute with  water,  and  afterwards  add  enough  of 
this  liquid  to  make  2  quarts  or  2000  cubic 
centimeters,  which  contain  15J  grains  of  indi- 
gotine, and  20  cubic  centimeters  contain  0.155 
grains. 

Take  20  cubic  centimeters  of  each  dissolu- 
tion, and  pour  in,  a  skein  of  wool  weighing 
15  J  grains ;  leave  it  24  hours,  and  repeat  the 
operation  till  the  bath  is  exhausted. 

The  shades  are  compared  to  a  gam  of  thirty 
shades. 

"With  pure  indigotine — 

15  J  grains  of  wool  is  dyed  to  the  shade  20 
after  24  hours. 

15  J  grains  of  wool  is  dyed  to  the  shade  7 
after  24  hours. 

15  J  grains  of  wool  is  dyed  to  the  shade  3 
after  24  hours. 

Then  it  wants  46  grains  of  wool  to  take 
0.155  grains  of  indigotine. 

Eepeat  the  same  operation  with  the  indigo 
to  try,  and  by  the  way  of  proportions,  you  will 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.        181 

find  the  quantity  of  coloring  matter  contained 
in  each  kind. 

The  numbers  obtained  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table. 


16 


182        BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Table  indicating  the  Proportion  of  pure  Indigo  con- 
tained in  100  Parts  of  Indigo*  by  Dyeing  with 
the  Sulphate  of  Indigo. 


NATURE  OF  INDIGO. 

! 

15.5  wool  is 
dyed  to  the 
shade. 

21 

o  o 

ill 

Indigo, 
per  cent. 

JAVA. 

Surfine  .... 

19.0 

6.5 

2.8 

95 

Purple  .... 

17.5 

6.0 

2.5 

88 

Fine       .  .      . 

17.0 

6.0 

2.0 

86 

Surfine  purple 

16.0 

5.5 

2.0 

80 

Surfine  violet 

14.5 

5.5 

2.0 

73 

Fine  blue 

14.3 

5.0 

2.0 

72 

Fine  violet     . 

14.0 

4.9 

2.0 

70 

Fine       .... 

14.0 

4.9 

2.0 

70 

Blue-black     . 

11.4 

4.0 

1.5 

57 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  purple 

18.8 

6.5 

2.8 

94 

Fine  violet     . 

16.6 

5.8 

2.5 

83 

Surfine  violet 

16.0 

5.5 

2.4 

80 

Fine  violet     . 

14.5 

5.0 

2.0 

72 

Fine  violet  red 

14.8 

5.0 

2.0 

74 

Violet   .... 

12.5 

4.3 

1.5 

63 

Low  cupreous 

8.6 

3.0 

1.0 

43 

CARACAS   .... 

16.0 

5.5 

2.4 

80 

Idem     .... 

14.5 

5.0 

2.0 

73 

Idem     .... 

12.8 

4.5 

1.9 

64 

Idem 

11.5 

4.0 

1.5 

57 

Idem     .... 

10.5 

3.8 

1.5 

54 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath. 

15.0 

5.0 

2.0 

75 

Blue      .... 

13.0 

4.5 

1.9 

65 

Violaceous     . 

10.0 

3.5 

1.5 

50 

MADRAS     .... 

11.0 

3.9 

1.5 

55 

Idem     .... 

8.0 

2.9 

1.0 

40 

Idem     .... 

6.0 

2.0 

Nearl 

30 

PROPORTION  OF  INDIGOTINE,  ETC.       183 

Table  indicating  tlie  Proportion  of  pure  Indigo  con- 
tained in  100  Parts  of  Indigo  by  Dyeing  with 
the  Sulphate  of  Indigo — Concluded. 


NATURE  OP  INDIGO. 

iL 

ni 

2  2 

!*• 

**.§ 

o  vis 

s£3 

ft. 
$1* 

«5    fc*>rd 

rHT3  in 

^ 

&8 

2| 

MANILLA. 
Blue      .... 

9.5 

3.2 

1.5 

40 

Dark     . 
Very  dark 
BOMBAY. 
Light  blue 
Tarnish 
Spotted 
Brown-black 
INDIGO  OF  PHILIPPINES 
INDIGO  OF  THE  POLYG.  TINCT 

8.0 
7.5 

6.5 
6.0 
5.5 
5.0 
8.0 
8.0 
5.0 

2.9 
2.5 

2.5 
2.0 
2.0 
1.0 
2.5 
2.5 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

Nearl 

1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.0 

40 

38 

34 
30 
28 
25 
40 
40 
25 

Idem     .... 

2.5 

1.0 

Far  -i 

from 

13 

This  process  is  long  and  does  not  give  very 
exact  results.    The  following  is  better. 


(5.)  Assay  ly  the  Colorimeter. 

The  use  of  the  colorimeter  is  due  to  Mr. 
Houton  Labillardiere.    It  is  a  very  useful  in- 


184        BLUES  AND  CAKMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

strument,  which  permits  to  see  in  a  few  minutes 
the  richness  of  a  coloring  matter.  This  appa- 
ratus is  too  well  known  to  be  described  here. 
I  operated  as  follows  : — 

At  1040  I  dissolve  15  J  grains  of  pure  indi- 
gotine  in  f  ounce  of  sulphuric  acid ;  after  the 
dissolution  is  operated  I  add  water  so  to  form 
1  quart  of  liquid ;  I  repeated  the  same  opera- 
tion on  every  indigo  to  try. 

In  one  of  the  tubes  of  the  colorimeter  I  intro- 
duce 10  cubic  centimeters  of  solution  of  indi- 
gotine,  and  in  the  other  10  cubic  centimeters 
of  the  dissolution  of  the  indigo  to  try.  I  add 
water  to  the  indigotine  till  the  shade  of  the 
dissolution  is  similar  to  that  of  the  indigo.  The 
proportion  of  water  added  indicates  the  pro- 
portion of  the  coloring  matter. 

The  numbers  obtained  are  found  in  the 
following  table : — 


INDIGO  TRIED  BY  THE  COLORIMETER.      185 


Table  representing  tlie  Value  of  Indigos  tried  by 
the  Colorimeter. 


Nature  of  the 
Indigo. 

To  10    c.c.   of     Indigo  per 
dissolution    of         cent. 

Indigotine  you 

have  to  add. 

JAVA. 

Surfine 

QcM  water 

96 

Purple 

.       1.1 

89 

Fine    . 

.     1.2 

88 

Surfine  Purple 

.    1.6 

84 

11      Yiolet 

.    2.6 

74 

Fine  Blue   . 

.    2.7 

73 

"    Yiolet 

.    2.9 

71 

Blue   . 

.        .2.9 

71 

Blue  Black 

4.4 

56 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  Purple 
Fine  Yiolet 
Surfine  Yiolet 
Fine  " 


0.5 
1.5 
1.8 
2.6 


95 

85 

82 

74 


16* 


186        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Nature  of  the 

To  10  c.  c.  of 

Indigo  per 

Indigo. 

dissolution  of 

cent. 

Indigotine  you 

have  to  add. 

BENGALIS. 

Surfine  Yiolet  Eed 

.      2.5water 

75 

Yiolet 

.    3.4 

66 

Low  Cupreous     . 

.    5.5 

45 

CARACAS    . 

.    1.9 

81 

Idem  . 

.     2.5 

75 

Idem  . 

.    3.4 

66 

Idem  . 

.    4.1 

59 

Idem  . 

.    4.4 

56 

GUATEMALA. 

Kurpath     . 

.    2.2 

78 

Blue  . 

.     3.2 

•68 

Violaceous 

.    4.6 

54 

MADRAS     . 

.    4.2 

58 

Idem  . 

.     5.8 

42 

Idem  , 

6.8 

32 

INDIGO  TRIED  BY  THE  COLORIMETER.      187 

Nature  of  the  To    10   c.c.    of    Indigo  per 

Indigo.  dissolution     of        cent. 

Indigotine  you 
have  to  add. 

MANILLA. 

Blue   ....  5.0wat«  50 

Dark  ....  5.8  42 

Very  Dark          .        .  6.0  40 

BOMBAY. 

Light  Blue  .  .     6.5  35 

Tarnish       .  .  .6.9  31 

Spatted       .  .  .7.1  29 

Brown  Black  .  .     7.3  27 

INDIGO  OF  PHILIPPINES    .    5.7  43 

POLYG.  TINCT.    .  •      .        .5.7  43 

Idem  ....     7.2  28 

Idem  ....    8.6  14 

This  process  has  an  advantage  over  all 
the  others,  it  is  simple,  rapid,  and  very  exact; 
with  a  little  use  it  is  preferable  to  all  others 
even  the  following.  I  always  use  and  recom- 
mend it. 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.        189 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO. 
Assay  ly  Hypochloride  of  Lime. 

INDIGO  being  dissolved,  I  determine  the  pro- 
portion of  coloring  principle  that  contains  the 
dissolution  by  the  quantity  of  chlorine  that 
requires  a  given  volume  to  be  decolorized. 
When  applied  the  process  does  not  present 
always  the  required  exactness.  If  the  acid 
used  for  the  dissolution  of  indigo  contains  sul- 
phurous acid,  or  if  some  is  formed  accidentally, 
some  coloring  matter  is  destroyed,  and  it  is  a 
cause  of  error  which  gives  less  coloring  matter 
than  really  exists.  The  unequal  manner  by 
which  indigo  is  decolorized,  the  manner,  more 


190        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

or  less  imperfect,  by  which  the  dissolution  is 
operated,  are  all  causes  of  error,  the  variations 
which  have  occurred  in  the  proof  liquor  can 
be  the  cause  of  some  errors. 

You  can  rem-edy  all  these  imperfections  in 
operating  in  the  following  manner,  and  treat- 
ing comparatively  pure  indigotine  and  dry 
indigo : — 

Weigh  15 J  grs.  of  each;  dissolve  them  in 
half  an  ounce  of  sulphuric  acid  of  Nordhausen 
perfectly  free  from  sulphurous  acid;  leave  the 
mixture  24  hours  at  122°,  being  careful  to 
avoid  the  formation  of  sulphurous  acid;  dis- 
solve the  solution  in  one  quart  of  water. 

There  are,  then,  two  ways  to  operate : — 

1st.  Take  100  c.  c.  of  the  solution  of  indigo 
and  search  the  number  of  cubic  centimeters  of 
a  solution  of  hypochloride  of  lime  necessary 
to  decolorize.  The  richness  of  the  coloring  prin- 
ciple is  proportional  to  the  number  of  cubic 
centimeters  of  chlorine  absorbed. 

2d.  Take  5  c.  c.  of  hypochloride  of  lime 
and  search  the  volume  of  sulphate  of  indigo 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.          191 

decolorized,  the  richness  is  in  inverse  ratio  of 
the  volume  of  decolorized  indigo. 

The  way  to  operate  in  this  case  is  the  follow- 
ing :— 

Take  2  J  c.  c.  of  hypochloride  of  lime  at  1  J° 
B. ;  pour  it  in  a  vase ;  introduce  in  it  50  c.  c. 
of  sulphate  of  indigo.  If  the  liquid  turns  yel- 
low immediately,  it  is  an  excess  of  chlorine ;  if 
indigo  predominates  add  hypochloride  of  lime 
till  in  excess,  then  with  a  graduated  glass,  add 
of  indigo  till  the  dissolution  becomes  green. 

2J  c.  c.  of  hypochloride  of  lime  decolor- 
ize 50  c.  c.  of  normal  solution  of  pure  indi- 
gotine,  it  is  then  easy  to  calculate  the  quantity 
of  coloring  principle,  while  it  is  in  inverse 
ratio  of  the  volume  of  the  decolorized  dissolu- 
tion. ' 

A  =  the  number  of  c.  c.  of  the  normal  dissolu- 
tion. 

J3  =  the  number  of  c.  c.  of  the  Indigos. 

We  have  then — 


192        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

This  process  is  as  exact  as  the  first,  but  is 
languider;  it  requires  much  practice  to  arrive 
to  a  perfect  discoloration,  while  by  the  first  you 
see  immediately  the  term  of  the  operation. 

I  have  always  used  the  first,  and  it  has 
given  me  the  same  results  as  the  second.  The 
numbers  obtained  are  given  in  the  following 
table :— 


COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO. 


193 


Nature  of  Indigos. 


PURE  INDIGOTINE    . 
JAVA. 

Surfine 

Purple 

Fine 

Surfine,  Purple 
"        Violet 

Fine  Blue 
"     Violet       . 

Fine 

Blue  Black 

BENGALIS.  • 

Surfine  Purple 
Fine  Violet 
Surfine  Violet  . 
Fine          " 
Fine  Violet  Eed 
Violet 

Low  Cupreous  . 
17 


Number  of  cubic 
centimeters    of 
hypochlorite  of 
lime   to   disco- 
lorize    100CC  of 
dissolution. 

Indigo 
per 
cent. 

.     120o 

100 

.    115.2 

96 

.    106.8 

89 

.    105.6 

88 

.    100.8 

84 

.      88.8 

74 

.      87.6 

73 

.      85.2 

71 

.      85.2 

71* 

.      67.2 

56 

.    112.8 

94 

.      99.6 

83 

.      98.4 

82 

.      87.6 

73 

.      90.0 

75 

.  .      78.0 

65 

64.0 

45 

194        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


Nature  of  Indigos. 


CARACAS . 
Idem 
Idem 
Idem 
Idem 

GUATEMALA. 
Kurpath.    . 
Blue 
Violaceous 

MADRAS  . 
Idem 
Idem 

MANILLA. 
Blue 
Dark 
Yery  Dark 


Number  of  cubic 

. 

centimeters     of 

hypochlorite  of 

Indigo 

lime   to  disco- 

per 

lorize    100CO   of 

cent. 

dissolution. 

.       96.0 

80 

.       90.0 

75 

.       78.0 

65 

.      69.6 

58 

.      66.0 

55 

.      92.4 

77 

.      81.6 

68 

.      63.6 

53 

.      68.4 

57 

.      48.0 

40 

.      38.4 

32 

.      60,0 

50 

.      48.0 

40 

46.8 

39 

COMMERCIAL  ASSAYS  OF  INDIGO.         195 


Nature  of  Indigos. 


BOMBAY. 

Light  Blue 
Tarnish  . 
Spotted  . 
Brown-Black 

PHILIPPINES-    . 

POLYG.  TINOT. 
Idem 
Idem 


Number  of  cubic 
centimeters    of 
liypochlorite  of 
lime   to  disco- 
lorize    100CC  of 
dissolution. 

Indigo 
per 
cent. 

.      42.0 

35 

.      36.0 

30 

.      33.6 

28 

.      32.4 

27   ' 

.      50.4 

42 

.      51.6 

43 

.      32.4 

27 

16.8 

14 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  EXPERIMENTS.      197 


CHAPTEK  XXIII. 

OBSERVATIONS   ON  THE   PRECEDING  EXPERI- 
MENTS. 

BY  those  different  processes  we  have  ob- 
tained the  composition  of  38  varieties  of  indigo, 
and  afterwards  we  have  judged  which  was  the 
most  convenient  process  to  estimate  their  value 
in  coloring  principle. 

1.  The  first  method  or  elementary  analysis 
is  too  long,  and  requires  a  great  knowledge  of 
chemical  manipulations.     It  gives  exactly  the 
proportions  of  coloring  matter. 

2.  The  estimation  of  water  and  ashes  is  a 
very  simple   operation   that   any  practitioner 
can  make,  and  the  more  an  indigo  contains  of 

17* 


198        BLUE3  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 

water  and  ashes,  the  less  coloring  matter  it 
contains. 

3.  The  process  of  assay  by  the  vat,  and  pre- 
cipitation of  indigotine  is  very  long,  and  does 
not  give  very  exactly  the  proportion  of  color- 
ing matter.    The  first  way  to  operate  gives  a 
mean  difference  of  1.5  per  cent. ;   the  second 
0.93,  and  the  third  from  0.3  to  0.5 ;  then  when 
you  wish  to  estimate  the  quantity  of  indigotine 
contained  in  a  commercial  indigo,  in  precip- 
itating the  coloring  matter   from  a  vat;   the 
third  process  is  the  best. 

4.  The  process  to  exhaust  a  vat  by  wool  to 
estimate  the  quantity  of  coloring  matter,  I  do 
not  recommend ;  the  differences  are  too  great, 
and  the  process  too  long,  but  it  is  the  best 
method  to  ascertain  the  quality  of  an  indigo. 

5.  The  processes  of  assay  by  the  sulphate 
of  indigo  are  those  I  recommend.    The  use  of 
dyeing  can  be  left  aside;   for  it  is  too  long, 
and  gives  only  a  difference  of  1.3  to  1.5. 

6.  The  use  of  the  colorimeter  and  hypochlo- 
ride  of  lime  does  no*  present  all  the  above 


THE  PRECEDING  EXPERIMENTS.    199 

inconveniences ;  the  processes  are  rapid,  exact, 
and  do  not  require  much  manipulation. 

I  recommend  them  particularly ;  for  with  a 
little  practice,  any  practitioner  can  arrive  in  a 
short  time  to  make  them  quickly. 

In  about  one  hour  by  the  colorimeter,  12  or 
15  assays  can  be  made,  and  as  much  by  the 
hypochloride  of  lime. 

I  resume  below  in  one  table,  the  quantity  of 
pure  indigotine  found  in  all  the  varieties  of 
indigo  by  the  different  processes. 


200        BLDES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


I 

•8, 


imation  by  the  Sulph 
Dissolution  of  Indigo. 


By  colori- 
meter. 


ati 
V 


Th 
pro 


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lO         O5  GO  GO  t— 


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o  5  ^  o  * 

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PQ 


TABLE  OF  QUANTITIES  OF  INDIGOTINE.       201 


202        BLUES  AND  CARMINES  OF  INDIGO. 


•2 


-§ 


• 


Vs 


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1  .a  "-*  •» 

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OBSERVATIONS.  203 

These  different  experiments  were  executed 
by  the  editor  in  the  manufacture  Impe'riale 
des  Gobelins  during  the  year  1850  in  conjunc- 
tion with  other  experiments  on  different  color- 
ing matters.  What  he  has  given  here  will  be 
sufficient  to  enable  the  manufacturer  of  Blues 
and  Carmine  to  judge  of  the  relative  value  of 
the  different  indigos  he  uses  in  fabrication. 


INDEX. 


PAGB 

Acid,  hypo-sulpho-indigotic    ..        .        .        .         71,81 

isatic ,125 

Bulpho-indigotio  ....  *  71,  81 
sulpho-phenicfo  ....;.  71 
sulpho-purpurio  ......  76 

Action  of  alkalies  and  substances  avid  of  oxygen  on 

indigo 65 

alcohol  on  indigo  .        .        .        .        .        .152 

hydrochloric  acid  on  indigo  ....     153 

sulphuric         «  "        ....      71 

water  "        .        .        .        .150 

Aerated  indigo 53 

Analysis  of  indigo,     liniuodiule       ....     149 


206  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Assay  of  blues '.        .     141 

colors 141 

greens  .        . 146 

reds 142 

violets  .  . 147 

yellows          .......    144 

indigo  by  the  sulphuric  dissolution  .  .179 

dyeing 179 

colorimeter  .  .  .  .183 

hypochloride  of  lime  .        .        .        .189 


13 


Bags 96 

Beaks •      .        .95 

Blue,  Nos.  1, 2, 3     .        .        .        .        .        .        .105 

No.  4     .        . 106 

No.  5 107 

Belard 113 

bronze .103 

celestian        .        .        .        .        .        .        .     109 

cupreous 103 

extra  fine       .        .        .        .        .        .        .     104 

family 121 

fine 104 

in  balls 117 

Nos.  1,  2,  3 118 

Nos.  4,  5      .         .  119 


INDEX.  207 

PAGE 

Blue,  in  balls,  extra  fine 117 

fine 118 

surfine 118 

in  stone          .......  103 

liquid    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .121 

logwood 138 

new .        .  109 

Saxony 113 

No.  1 114 

Nos.  2,  3 115 

extra  fine 113 

fine     ....*...  114 

surfine         .         .         .        .              '    .  114 

soluble 109 

extra  fine 109 

fine     . 109 

surfine 109 

Burned  indigo 53,  54 


C 


Carmine  of  indigo 89,  97, 100 

Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5 101 

extra  fine 101 

fine 101 

surfine  101 


208  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Cerulin 71 

composition 74 

Ceruleo-sulphate  of  potash      .....      72 

Characteristics  of  indigo.     General          ...       33 
Chemical  properties  of  indigo  .         .         .         ,         .57 
Chrome  yellow         .......     145 

Commercial  assays  of  indigo  149, 157, 167,  179, 189, 197 

varieties  of  indigo  . '  .  .  .  .33 

Composition  of  indigo *  53,  54 

of  indigotine        .        .        ,        »        .      63 

white  .*....      68 

Culture  of  liidiga 25,27 


Determination  of  ashes  in  indigo     .        .        .        .161 

Dissolution  of  indigo 97,  98 

saturation  of  the          ....       97 

Distillate  of  indigo 89 

Drum 96 

Dyeing  silk  in  blue 136 

stuffs  blue  with  soluble  blue  and  distillated 

indigo 137 

with  indigo  vat 129 

logwood  blue 138 


INDEX.  209 


E 


PAGE 

Estimation  of  indigo  by  the  vat        .        .        .        .167 
by  precipitation  of  indigotine      .        .     167 
by  precipitation  of  indigotine  on  wool- 
len threads      173 

water  in  indigo      ......     }57 


Fabrication  of  indigo 25,28 

Filters 92,93 

Frank  indigo 27 

Frames 92 

Fuller's  soaking  through          .  ...      29 


Glass  rod 91 


18* 


210  INDEX. 


PAOB 

Horns .      95 

Hypo-sulpho-indigotio  acid      .        .        .        .         71, 81 

preparation 83 

properties    ......      84 


I 


Indioum 25 

Indigo 33 

action  of  nitric  acid  on 123 

culture 25,  27 

fabrication ,         25, 28 

frank *        .       27 

history *        .       25 

varieties ,        .33 

American    ......      48 

Bengalis 36 

blue  violet  .  .  .  36, 38 
fine  blue  ....  36,  38 
fine  cupreous  ...  37,  40 
fine  violet  ...  36, 39 
good  red  ....  37,40 


INDEX.  211 

PAGE 

Indigo,  varieties,  Bengalis  good  tender  red      .         37,  40 

violet     ...         36, 39 

low  cupreous    .        .        .         37, 41 

middling  cupreous   .        .         37, 41 

ordinary  cupreous    ,        .         37, 41 

violet     .        .        .         36,40 

superfine  light  .        .         36, 37 

purple    ...         36,  39 

violet     .        .        .         36,38 

violet  red          .        .        .         36,39 

Caracas 50 

flor 50 

good  corte  ....  51 
ordinary  corte  .  .  .  .52 
ordinary  sobre  ...  51 

sobre 50 

superior  corte  ....       51 

Egyptian 46 

fine  blue 47 

good  violet  and  red  ...       46 

Java 46 

Madras 44 

fine  blue 45 

mixed  blue  violet     ...       45 

ordinary 45 

Manilla 43 

Mexican 53 

Oude  42 


212  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Indigo,  varieties,  Oude  cupreous      ....       43 
ordinary  .....       43 

violet 42 

Guatemala .        .        .        .        .        .48 

corte 49 

flor  .        .        .        .-  .49 

,  sobre  saliente  ....       49 

Senegal 47 

Indin 127 

Indigotine 57,  58 

Immediate  principles  of  indigo.     Researches  of       .      150 

Isatin 123 

bichlorinated 125 

monochlorinated 125 

Isatic  acid 125 

Isatate  of  potash 125 

Isathyd  .        . 125 

bichlorinated        ......      126 

monochlorinated 126 


K 


Kneader 96 

Knife       ...  96 


INDEX.  213 


PAOB 


Lead  pots        ........      91 


M 


Mill 


N 
Nankin   .........    145 


Observations  on  the  assays  of  indigo        .        .        .197 
Organic  matters  contained  in  indigo         .         .         .163 

Orpiment 145 

Oven  .        .        •        -96 


211  INDEX. 


r 

PAGE 

Pails f2 

Pastils     .        . 103 

streaked 103 

Pestle 91 

Phenicin 76 

Pots 94,96 

Preparation  of  indigotine 60 

white 65 

Press       . 93 

Pricked  indigo          .         .         .         .  .         .53 

Properties  of  indigo.     Physical        ....  53 

indigotine      .......  63 

white 67 

Purple  of  indigo 76 

R 
Rust        .        .        . 145 

S 

Setting  vat 30 

Shovels    ...;.....       94 

Steeping  through 29 

Stony  indigo 53,  54 


INDEX.  215 

PAGE 

Sulphate  of  indigo  of  dyers 88 

Sulphindilic  acid.     Compos 74 

Sulphindilate  of  potash 75 

Sulpho-indigotic  acid 81 

preparation          .        .        .        .         .81 

properties 83 

Sulpho-indigotate  of  copper,  alumina,  lead       .         .       87 
potash         ......      85 

soda,  ammonia,  baryta        .        .        .86 
Sulpho-pnrpuric  acid       .        .        .        .        .        .     .75 

Sulphysathyd 126 

Sulphysathyd-bi 126 


Table       . 94 

Tables      .    154, 157,  159, 161,  171, 176, 182, 185, 193,  200 
elementary  composition  of  indigo  .         .         .     154 
of  water  contained  in  indigo  .        .         .         .159 
ashes  contained  in  indigo    .        ,        .     16JL 
indigotine  in  indigo  by  the  vat  process    171 
dyeing  with  the  vat        .     176 
sulphate       .        .182 
the  colorimeter       .        .     185 
the  hypochloride  of  lime    193 
comparative  of  the  quantities  of  indigotine 
found  in  commercial  indigos  by  the  dif- 
ferent processes      .....     200 


216  INDEX. 

PAQB 

Tapid  indigo 53,54 

Tools  to  make  carmine  of  indigo      ....       91 
Tubs  ...      92 


Vat,  blue  stone 132 

preparation    .......  129 

woad 132 

Vessels  of  red  copper       ......  93 


W 


White  indigotine     .        .        .       ..        .        .        .65 

Wood  rod 91 


THE   END. 


ial  anfo  J§dfliti 


PUBLISHED    BY 

HENRY    CAEEY    BAIED, 

INDUSTRIAL     PUBLISHER, 

•* 

UXTo.      4LO6      TTtT^lixia.t      JStroot, 

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tails of  machinery,  Plate  XI.  Simple  applications— spindles,  shafts, 
couplings,  wooden  patterns,  Plate  XII.  Method  of  constructing  a 
wooden  model  or  pattern  of  a  coupling,  Elementary  applications- 
rails  and  chairs  for  railways,  Plate  XIII.  Rules  and  Practical  Data — 
Strength  of  material,  Resistance  to  compression  or  crushing  force, 
Tensional  Resistance,  Resistance  to  flexure,  Resistance  to  torsion, 
Friction  of  surfaces  in  contact. 

THE  INTERSECTION  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  SURFACES,  WITH  AP- 
PLICATIONS.— The  Intersection  of  Cylinders  and  Cones,  Plate  XIV.  The 
Delineation  and  Development  of  Helices,  Screws  and  Serpentines,  Plate 

XV.  Application  of  the  helix — the  construction  of  a  staircase,  Plate 

XVI.  The  Intersection  of  surfaces — applications  to  stop-cocks,  Plate 

XVII.  Rules  and  Practical  Data — Steam,  Unity  of  heat,  Heating  surface, 
Calculation  of  the  dimensions  of  boilers,  Dimensions  of  firegrates, 
Chimneys,  Safety-valves. 

THE  STUDY  AND  CONSTRUCTION  OF  TOOTHED  GEAR.— Involute,  cy- 
cloid, and  epicycloid,  Plates  XVIII.  and  XIX.  Involute,  Fig.  1,  Plate 

XVIII.  Cycloid,  Fig.  2,  Plate  XVIII.    External  epicycloid,  described 
by  a  circle  rolling  about  a  fixed  circle  inside  it,  Fig.  3,  Plate  XIX. 
Internal  epicycloid,  Fig.  2,  Plate  XIX.      Delineation  of  a  rack  and 
pinion  in  gear,  Fig.  4,  Plate  XVIII.     Gearing  of  a  worm  with  a  worm- 
wheel,  Figs.  6  and  6,  Plate  XVIII.    Cylindrical  or  Spur  Gearing,  Plate 

XIX.  Practical  delineation  of  a  couple  of  Spur-wheels,  Plate  XX. 
The  Delineation  and  Construction  of  Wooden  Patterns  for  Toothed  Wheels, 
Plate  XXI.     Rules  and  Practical  Data— Toothed  gearing,  Angular  and 
circumferential  velocity  of  wheels,  Dimensions  of  gearing,  Thickness 
of  the  teeth,  Pitch  of  the  teeth,  Dimensions  of  the  web,  Number  and 
dimensions  of  the  arms,  wooden  patterns. 

CONTINUATION  OF  THE  STUDY  OF  TOOTHED  GEAR. — Design  for  a 
pair  of  bevel-wheels  in  gear,  Plate  XXII.  Construction  of  wooden 
patterns  for  a  pair  of  bevel-wheels,  Plate  XXIII.  Involute  and 
Helical  Teeth,  Plate  XXIV.  Contrivances  for  obtaining  Differential 
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lation for  the  brake,  The  fall  of  bodies,  Momentum,  Central  forces. 

ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  SHADOWS. — Shadows  of  Prisms,  Pyra- 
mids and  Cylinders,  Plate  XXVI.  Principles  of  Shading,  Plate  XXVII. 
Continuation  of  the  Study  of  Shadows,  Plate  XXVIII.  Tuscan  Order, 
Plate  XXf  X.  Rules  and  Practical  Data— Pumps,  Hydrostatic  principles, 
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Outlet  with  a  spout  or  duct. 

APPLICATION  OF  SHADOWS  TO  TOOTHED  GEAR,  Plate  XXX.  Ap- 
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Overshot  water  wheels,  Water  wheels  with  radial  floats,  Water  wheel 
with  curved  buckets,  Turbines.  Remarks  on  Machine  Tools. 
2 


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ious  appli 

and  combinations :  The  Sketching  of  Machinery,  Plates  XXXV.  and 
XXXVI.  •  Drilling  Machine;  Motive  Machines;  Water  wheels,  Con- 
struction and  setting  up  of  water  wheels,  Delineation  of  water  wheels, 
Design  for  a  water  wheel,  Sketch  of  a  water  wheel ;  Overshot  Water 
Wheels.  Water  Pumps,  Plate  XXXVII.  Steam  Motors;  High-pressure 
expansive  steam  engine,  Plates  XXXVIII.,  XXXIX.  and  XL.  Details 
of  Construction  ;  Movements  of  the  Distribution  and  Expansion  Valves  ; 
Rules  and  Practical  Data — Steam  engines  :  Low-pressure  condensing 
engines  without  expansion  valve,  Diameter  of  piston,  Velocities. 
Steam  pipes  and  passages,  Air-pump  and  condenser,  Cold-water  ana 
feed-pumps,  High-pressure  expansive  engines,  Medium  pressure  con- 
densing and  expansive  steam  engine,  Conical  pendulum  or  centrifugal 
governor. 

OBLIQUE  PROJECTIONS.— Application  of  rules  to  the  delineation  of 
an  oscillating  cylinder,  Plate  XLI. 

PARALLEL  PERSPECTIVE. — Principles  and  applications,  Plate  XLII. 

TRUE  PERSPECTIVE.— Elementary  principles,  Plate  XLIII.  Appli- 
cations—flour mill  driven  by  belts,  Plates  XLIV.  and  XLV.  Descrip- 
tion of  the  mill,  Representation  of  the  mill  in  perspective,  Notes  of 
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6 


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Construction  and  Management.  By  ZERAH  COLBUKN.  Il- 
lustrated. A  new  edition.  12mo,  ..........................  75 

"  It  is  the  most  practical  and  generally  useful  work  on  the  Steam 
Engine  that  we  have  seen."  —  Boston  Traveler." 

Daguerreotypist  and  Photographer's  Companion, 

12mo.,  cloth,  .....................................................  $1.00 

Distiller  (The  Complete  Practical), 

By  M.  LAFAYETTE  BYRN,  M.D.     With  Illustrations.  12mo. 

$1.00 

"  So  simplified,  that  it  is  adapted  not  only  to  the  use  of  extensive 
Distillers,  but  for  every  farmer,  or  others  who  may  want  to  engage  in 
Distilling.'3—  fawner  of  the  Union. 


Dussauce,    Practical  Treatise 

ON  THE  FABRICATION  OF  MATCHES,  GUN  COTTON,  AND  FULMI- 
NATING POWDERS.  By  Prof.  H.  Dussauce.  (In  press.) 

CONTENTS.—  Phosphorus.  —History  of  Phosphorus;  Physical 
Properties  ;  Chemical  Properties  ;  Natural  State  ;  Preparation  of 
White  Phosphorus  ;  Amorphous  Phosphorus,  and  Benoxide  of  Lead. 
Matches.  —  Preparation  of  Wooden  Matches  ;  Matches  inflammable  by 
rubbing,  without  noise  ;  Common  Lucifer  Matches  :  Matches  without 
Phosphorus  ;  Candle  Matches  ;  Matches  with  Amorphous  Phospho- 
rus ;  Matches  and  Rubbers  without  Phosphorus.  Gun  Cotton.  —  Proper- 
ties ;  Preparation  ;  Paper  Powder  ;  use  of  Cotton  and  Paper  Powders 
for  Fulminating  Primers,  etc.;  Preparation  of  Fulminating  Primers, 
etc.,  etc. 

Dussauce,    Chemical  Receipt  Book: 

A  General  Formulary  for  the  Fabrication  of  Leading 
Chemicals,  and  their  Application  to  the  Arts,  Manufac- 
tures, Metallurgy,  and  Agriculture.  By  Prof.  H.  Dus- 
sauce.  (In  press.) 


FBACTICAL  ABTD   SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS. 

DYEItf a,  CALICO  PBINTITO,  COLOKS,  COTTON  SPIN- 
NING, AND  WOOLEN  MANUFACTURE. 

Baird,    The  American  Cotton  Spinner,  and 
Manager's  and  Carder's  Guide: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Cotton  Spinning  ;  giving  the  Di- 
mensions and  Speed  of  Machinery,  Draught  and  Twist 
Calculations,  etc.;  with  Notices  of  recent  Improvements  : 
together  with  Rules  and  Examples  for  making  changes 
in  the  sizes  and  numbers  of  Roving  and  Yarn.  Com- 
piled from  the  papers  of  the  late  Robert  H.  Baird. 
12mo $1.25 

Capron  De  Dole,    Dussauce,    Blues  and  Car- 
mines of  Indigo: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Fabrication  of  every  Commer- 
cial Product  derived  from  Indigo.  By  Felicien  Capron 
de  Dole.  Translated,  with  important  additions,  by  Pro- 
fessor H.  Dussauce.  12mo $2.50 

Chemistry  Applied  to  Dyeing, 

By  James  Napier,  F.  C.  S.     Illustrated.    12mo $2.00 

CONTENTS.— General  Properties  of  Matter —Heat,  Light,  Ele- 
ments of  Matter,  Chemical  Affinity.  Non-Metallic  Substances. — Oxygen, 
Hydrogen,  Nitrogen,  Chlorine,  Sulphur,  Selenium,  Phosphorus,  Iodine, 
Bromine,  Fluorine,  Silicum,  Boron,  Carbon.  Metallic  Substances. — 
General  Properties  of  Metals,  Potassium,  Sodium,  Lithium,  Soap, 
Barium,  Strontium,  Calcium,  Magnesium,  Alminum,  Manganese,  Iron, 
Cobalt,  Nickel,  Zinc,  Cadmium,  Copper,  Lead,  Bismuth,  Tin,  Titanium, 
Chromium,  Vanadium,  Tungstenum  or  Wolfram,  Molybdenum,  Tella- 
rium,  Arsenic,  Antimony,  Uranium,  Cerium,  Mercury,  Silver,  Gold, 
Platinum,  Palladium,  Iridium,  Osmium,  Rhodium,  Lanthanium.  Mor- 
dants.—Red  Spirits,  Barwood  Spirits,  Plumb  Spirits,  Yellow  Spirits, 
Nitrate  of  Iron,  Acetate  of  Alumina,  Black  Iron  Liquor,  Iron  and  Tin 
for  Royal  Blues,  Acetate  of  Copper.  Vegetable  Matters  used  in  Dyeing. — 
Galls,  Sumach,  Catechu,  Indigo,  Logwood,  Brazil-woods,  Sandal-wood, 
Barwood,  Camwood,  Fustic,  Young  Fustic,  Bark  or  Quercitron,  Fla- 
vine,  Weld  or  Wold,  Turmeric,  Persian  Berries,  Safflower,  Madder, 
Munjeet,  Annota,  Alkanet  Root,  Archil.  Proposed  New  Vegetable 
J>yes. — Sooranjee,  Carajuru,  Wongshy,  Aloes,  Pittacal,  Barbary  Root. 
Animal  Matters  used  in  Dyeing.— Cochineal,  Lake  OT  Lac,  Kerms. 

This  will  be  found  one  of  the  most  valuable  books  on  the  subject  of 
dyeing,  ever  published  in  this  country. 

Dussauce,    Treatise  on  the  Coloring  Matters 
Derived  from  Coal  Tar; 

Their  Practical  Application  in  Dyeing  Cotton,  Wool,  and 

8 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

Silk  ;  the  Principles  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing  and  of  the  Dis- 
tillation of  Coal  Tar ;  with  a  Description  of  the  most  Im- 
portant New  Dyes  now  in  use.  By  Professor  H.  Dus- 
sauce,  Chemist.  12mo 62.50 

CONTENTS.— Historical  Notice  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing-Chemical 
Principles  of  the  Art  of  Dyeing— Preliminary  Preparation  of  Stuffs— 
Mordants— Dyeing— On  the  Coloring  Matters  produced  by  Coal  Tar- 
Distillation  of  Coal  Tar— History  of  Aniline— Properties  of  Aniline- 
Preparation  of  Aniline  directly  from  Coal  Tar — Artificial  Preparation 
of  Aniline— Preparation  of  Benzole— Properties  of  Benzole— Prepara- 
tion of  Nitro-Benzole— Transformation  of  Nitro- Benzole  into  Aniline, 
by  means  of  Sulphide  of  Ammonium  ;  by  Nascent  Hydrogen  ;  by  Ace- 
tate of  Iron  ;  and  by  Arsenite  of  Potash — Properties  of  the  Bi-Nitro- 
Benzole — Aniline  Purple — Violine  —  Roseine  —  Emeraldine  —  Bleu  de 
Paris— Futschine,  or  Magenta— Coloring  Matters  obtained  by  other 
bases  from  Coal  Tar— Nitroso-Phenyline— Di  Nitro-Aniline— Nitro- 
Phenyline— Picric  Acid— Rosolic  Acid— Quinoline— Napthaline  Colors 
— Chloroxynaphthalic  and  Perchloroxynapthalic  Acids — Carminaph- 
tha— Ninaphthalamine— Nitrosonaphthaline— Naphthamein— Tar  Red 
— Azuline— Application  of  Coal  Tar  Colors  to  the  Art  of  Dyeing  and 
Calico  Printing — Action  of  Light  on  Coloring  Matters  from  Coal  Tar 
— Latest  Improvements  in  the  Art  of  Dyeing — Chrysammic  Acid — Mo- 
lybdic  and  Picric  Acids— Extract  of  Madder— Theory  of  the  Fixation 
of  Coloring  Matters  in  Dyeing  and  Printing — Principles  of  the  Action 
of  the  most  important  Mordants — Aluminous  Mordants — Ferruginous 
Mordants— Stanniferous  Mordants— Artificial  Alizarin— Metallic  Hy- 

Eosulphites  as  Mordants— Dyer's  Soap— Preparation  of  Indigo  for  Dye- 
ag  and  Printing— Relative  Value  of  Indigo— Chinese  Green  Murexide. 

Dyer  and  Color-maker's  Companion: 

Containing  upwards  of  two  hundred  Receipts  for  making 
Colors,  on  the  most  approved  principles,  for  all  the 
various  styles  and  fabrics  now  in  existence  ;  with  the 
Scouring  Process,  and  plain  Directions  for  Preparing, 
Washing-off,  and  Finishing  the  Goods.  Second  edition. 
In  one  volume,  12mo 75 


French  Dyer,  (The)": 


Comprising  the  Art  of  Dyeing  in  Woolen,  Silk,  Cotton, 
etc.,  etc.  By  M.  M.  Riffault,  Vernaud,  De  Fontenelle, 
Thillaye,  and  Mallepeyre.  (In press.) 

Love,    The  Art  of  Dyeing,  Cleaning,  Scouring, 
and  Finishing, 

ON  THE  MOST  APPROVED  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  METHODS  ; 
"being  Practical  Instructions  in  Dyeing  Silks,  Woolens 
*and  Cottons,  Feathers,  Chips,  Straw,  etc.,  Scouring  and 
Cleaning  Bed  and  Window  Curtains,  Carpets,  Rugs,  etc., 
French  and  English  Cleaning,  any  Color  or  Fabric  of 
Silk,  Satin,  or  Damask.  By  Thomas  Love,  a  working 
Dyer  aiid  Scourer.  In  one  volume,  12mo $3.00 


PBACTICAL  AND   SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS, 

O'Neill,    Chemistry  of  Calico  Printing,  Dye- 
ing, and  Bleaching ; 

Including  Silken,  Woolen,  and  Mixed  Goods  ;  Practical 
and  Theoretical.  By  Charles  O'Neill.  (In  press.) 

O'Neill,    A  Dictionary  of  Calico  Printing  and 
Dyeing, 

By  Charles  O'Neill.     (In  press.) 

Scott,    The  Practical  Cotton-spinner  and  Man- 
ufacturer ; 

OR,  THE  MANAGER  AND  OVERLOOKER'S  COMPANION.  This 
work  contains  a  Comprehensive  System  of  Calculations 
for  Mill  Gearing  and  Machinery,  from  the  first  Moving 
Power,  through  the  different  processes  of  Carding,  Draw- 
ing, Slabbing,  Roving,  Spinning,  and  Weaving,  adapted 
to  American  Machinery,  Practice  and  Usages.  Compen- 
dious Tables  of  Yarns  and  Reeds  are  added.  Illustrated 
by  large  Working-Drawings  of  the  most  approved  Ameri- 
can Cotton  Machinery.  Complete  in  one  volume,  oc- 
tavo...  $3.50 

This  edition  of  Scott's  Cotton-Spinner,  by  Oliver  Byrne,  is  designed 
for  the  American  Operative.  It  will  be  found  intensely  practical,  and 
will  be  of  the  greatest  possible  value  to  the  Manager,  Overseer,  and 
Workman. 

Sellers,    The  Color-mixer, 

By  John  Sellers,  an  Experienced  Practical  Workman. 
To  which  is  added  a  CATECHISM  OF  CHEMISTRY.  In  one 
volume,  12mo.  (In  press.) 

Smith,    The  Dyer's  Instructor; 

Comprising  Practical  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Dyeing 
Silk,  Cotton,  Wool  and  Worsted,  and  Woolen  Goods,  as 
Single  and  Two-colored  Damasks,  Moreens,  Camlets, 
Lastings,  Shot  Cobourgs,  Silk  Striped  Orleans,  Plain  Or- 
leans, from  White  and  Colored  Warps,  Merinos,  Woolens, 
Yarns,  etc.;  containing  nearly  eight  hundred  Receipts. 
To  which  is  added  a  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Padding,  and 
the  Printing  of  Silk  Warps,  Skeins  and  Handkerchiefs, 
and  the  various  Mordants  and  Colors  for  the  different 
10 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIBD. 

styles  of  such  work.  By  David  Smith,  Pattern  Dyer. 
A  new  edition,  in  one  volume,  12rno $3.00 

CONTENTS.— Wool  Dyeing,  60  receipts— Cotton  Dyeing,  68  re- 
ceipts— Silk  Dyeing,  60  receipts — Woolen  Yarn  Dyeing,  69  receipts — • 
Worsted  Yarn  Dyeing,  61  receipts— Woolen  Dyeing,  62  receipts— Da- 
mask Dyeing,  40  receipts — Moreen  Dyeing,  38  receipts — Two-Colored 
Damask  Dyeing,  21  receipts — Camlet  Dyeing,  23  receipts — Lasting  Dye- 
ing, 23  receipts— Shot  Cobourg  Dyeing,  18  receipts— Silk  Striped  Or- 
leans, from  Black,  White,  and  Colored  Warps,  23  receipts— Colored 
Orleans,  from  Black  Warps,  15  receipts — Colored  Orleans  and  Co- 
bourgs,  from  White  Warps,  27  receipts — Colored  Merinos,  41  receipts 
—Woolen  Shawl  Dyeing,  15  receipts— Padding,  42  receipts— Silk  Warp, 
Skein,  and  Handkerchief  Printing,  62  receipts— Nature  and  Use  of  Dye- 
wares,  including  Alum,  Annotta,  Archil,  Ammonia,  Argol,  Super 
Argol,  Camwood,  Catechu,  Cochineal,  Chrome,  or  Bichromate  of  Pot- 
ash, Cudbear,  Chemic,  or  Sulphate  of  Indigo,  French  Berry,  or  Persian 
Berry,  Fustic  or  Young  Fustic,  Galls,  Indigo,  Kermes  or  Lac  Dye, 
Logwood,  Madder,  Nitric  Acid  or  Aqua  Fortis,  Nitrates,  Oxalic  Tin. 
Peachwood,  Prussiate  of  Potash,  Quercitron  Bark,  Safnower,  Saun- 
ders  or  Red  Sandal,  Sapan  Wood,  Sumach,  Turmeric,  Examination  of 
Water  by  Tests,  etc.,  etc. 

Toustain,    A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Woolen 
Manufacture, 

From  the  French  of  M.  Toustain.     (In  press.) 

[Jlrich,    Dussauce,    A  Complete  Treatise 

ON  THE  ART  OF  DYEING  COTTON  AND  WOOL,  AS  PRACTISED  IN 
PARIS,  ROUEN,  MULUOUSE  AND  GERMANY.  From  the  French 
of  M.  Louis  Ulrich,  a  Practical  Dyer  in  the  principal 
Manufactories  of  Paris,  Rouen,  Mulhouse,  etc.,  etc.  ;  to 
which  are  added  the  most  important  Receipts-  for  Dyeing 
Wool,  as  practised  in  the  Manufacture  Imperiale  dea 
Gohelins,  Paris.  B^  Professor  H.  Dussauce.  12ino..$3.00 

CONTENTS.— 

•Rouen  Dyes,  106  Receipts. 

Alsace        "  236  " 

German     "  109  " 

Mulhouse  "  72  " 

Parisian     "  66  " 

Gobelins    "  100  " 
In  all  nearly  700  Receipts. 


Easton,    A  Practical  Treatise  on  Street  or 
Horse-power  Railways; 

Their  Location,  Construction  and  Management ;  with 
general  Plans  and  Rules  for  their  Organization  and  Ope- 
ration ;  together  with  Examinations  as  to  their  Compara- 

11 


PEACTICAL  A3STD  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

tive  Advantages  over  the  Omnibus  System,  and  Inquiries 
as  to  their  Value  for  Investment ;  including  Copies  of 
Municipal  Ordinances  relating  thereto.  By  Alexander 
Easton,  "C.  E.  Illustrated  by  twenty-three  plates,  8vo., 
cloth $2.00 

Examinations  of  Drugs,  Medicines,  Chemicals, 
etc,, 

As  to  their  Purity  and  Adulterations.  By  C.  H.  Peirce, 
M.  D.  12mo.,  cloth $2.00 

Fisher's  Photogenic  Manipulation, 

16mo.,  cloth 62 

Gas  and  Ventilation; 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Gas  and  Ventilation.  By  E.  E. 
Perkins.  12mo.,  cloth 75 

Gilbart.    A  Practical  Treatise  on  Banking, 

By  James  William  Gilbart,  F.  R.  S.  A  new  enlarged  and 
improved  edition.  Edited  by  J.  Smith  Romans,  editor 
of  "  Banker's  Magazine."  To  which  is  added  "  Money," 
by  H.  C.  Carey.  8vo §3.00 

Gregory's  Mathematics  for  Practical  Men; 

Adapted  to  the  Pursuits  of  Surveyors,  Architects,  Me- 
chanics and  Civil  Engineers.  8vo.,  plates,  cloth. ..$1.50 

Hardwich,    A  Manual  of  Photographic  Chem- 
istry ; 

Including  the  practice  of  the  Collodion  Process.  By  J. 
F.  Hardwich.  (In press.) 

Hay,    The  Interior  Decorator; 

The  Laws  of  Harmonious  Coloring  adapted  to  Interior 
Decorations ;  with  a  Practical  Treatise  on  House  Paint- 
ing. By  D.  R.  Hay,  House  Painter  and  Decorator.  Il- 
lustrated by  a  Diagram  of  the  Primary,  Secondary  and 
Tertiary  Colors.  12mo.  (In press.) 
12 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIKD. 

inventor's  Guide — Patent  Office  and  Patent 
Laws  i 

Or,  a  Guide  to  Inventors,  and  a  Book  of  Reference  for 
Judges,  Lawyers,  Magistrates,  and  others.  By  J.  Gr. 
Moore.  12mo.,  cloth $1.00 

Jems,    Railway  Property,    A  Treatise 

ON  THE  CONSTRUCTION  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  RAILWAYS  ;  de- 
signed to  afford  useful  knowledge,  in  the  popular  style, 
to  the  holders  of  this  class  of  property  ;  as  well  as  Rail- 
way Managers,  Officers  and  Agents.  By  John  B.  Jervis, 
late  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  Cro- 
ton  Aqueduct,  etc.  One  volume,  12mo.,  cloth $1.50 

CONTENTS.  —  Preface  —  Introduction.  Construction.  —  Introduc- 
tory— Land  and  Land  Damages — Location  of  Line — Method  of  Business 
— Grading — Bridges  and  Culverts— Road  Crossings — Ballasting  Track — 
Cross  Sleepers— Chairs  and  Spikes — Rails — Station  Buildings — Loco- 
motives, Coaches  and  Cars.  Operating.— Introductory— Freight— Pas- 
sengers— Engine  Drivers — Repairs  to  Track — Repairs  of  Machinery — 
Civil  Engineer — Superintendent — Supplies  of  Material — Receipts — Dis- 
bursements —  Statistics  —  Running  Trains  —  Competition  —  Financial 
Management — General  Remarks. 

Johnson,    The  Coal  Trade  of  British  America; 

With  Researches  011  the  Characters  and  Practical  Values 
of  American  and  Foreign  Coals.  By  Walter  R.  Johnson, 
Civil  and  Mining  Engineer  and  Chemist.  8vo $2.00 

This  volume  contains  the  results  of  the  experiments  made  for  the 
Navy  Department,  upon  which  their  Coal  contracts  are  now  based. 

Johnston,    Instructions  for  the  Analysis  of 
Soils,  Limestones  and  Manures, 

By  J.  F.  W.  Johnston.     12mo 38 

Larkin,    The  Practical  Brass  and  Iron  Found- 
er's Guide; 

A  Concise  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Brass  Founding,  Mould- 
ing, etc.  By  James  Larkin.  12mo.,  cloth $1.00 

Leslie's  (Miss)  Complete  Cookery; 

Directions  for  Gookery  in  its  Various  Branches.  By  Miss 
Leslie.  58th  thousand.  Thoroughly  revised  ;  with  the 
addition  of  New  Receipts.  In  one  volume,  12mo.,  half 

bound,  or  in  sheep $1.00 

13 


PBACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 

Leslie's  (Miss)  Ladies5  House  Book; 

A  Manual  of  Domestic  Economy.  20th  revised  edition. 
12mo.,  sheep $1.00 

Leslie's  (Miss)  Two  Hundred  Receipts  in 
French  Cookery, 

Cloth,  12mo 25 

Lieber,    Assayer's  Guide; 

Or,  Practical  Directions  to  Assayers,  Miners  and  Smelters, 
for  the  Tests  and  Assays,  by  Heat  and  by  Wet  Processes, 
of  the  Ores  of  all  the  principal  Metals,  and  of  Gold  and 
Silver  Coins  and  Alloys.  By  Oscar  M.  Lieber,  late  Geolo- 
gist to  the  State  of  Mississippi.  12mo.  With  illustra- 
tions    75 

"Among  the  indispensable  works  for  this  purpose,  is  this  little 
guide."— Artisan. 

Lowig,    Principles  of  Organic  and  Physiologi- 
cal Chemistry, 

By  Dr.  Carl  Lowig,  Doctor  of  Medicine  and  Philosophy ; 
Ordinary  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Zurich  ;  Author  of  "  Chemie  des  Organischen  Verbiudun 
gen."  Translated  by  Daniel  Breed,  M.  D.,  of  the  U.  S. 
Patent  Office  ;  late  of  the  Laboratory  of  Liebig  and  Lowig. 
Svo.,  sheep $3.50 

Marble  Worker's  Manual; 

Containing  Practical  Information  respecting  Marbles  in 
general,  their  Cutting,  Working  and  Polishing,  Veneer- 
ing, etc.,  etc.  12mo.,  cloth $1.00 

Miles,    A  Plain  Treatise  on  Horse-shoeing, 

With  Illustrations.  By  William  Milee,  Author  of  "The 
Horse's  Foot." 75 

Morfit,    The  Arts  of  Tanning,  Currying  and 
Leather  Dressing, 

Theoretically  and  Practically  Considered  in  all  their  De- 
tails ;  being  a  Full  and  Comprehensive  Treatise  on  the 


PUBLISHED   BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

Manufacture  of  the  Various  Kinds  of  Leather.  Illus- 
trated by  over  two  hundred  Engravings.  Edited  from  the 
French  of  De  Fontenelle  and  Malapeyere.  With  nu- 
merous Emendations  and  Additions,  by  Campbell  Morfit, 
Practical  and  Analytical  Chemist.  Complete  in  one  vol- 
ume, octavo $10.00 

This  important  Treatise  will  be  found  to  cover  the  whole  field  in 
the  most  masterly  manner,  and  it  is  believed  that  in  no  other  branch 
of  applied  science  could  more  signal  service  be  rendered  to  American 
Manufactures. 

The  publisher  is  not  aware  that  in  any  other  work  heretofore  issued 
in  this  country,  more  space  has  been  devoted  to  this  subject  than  a 
single  chapter  ;  and  in  offering  this  volume  to  so  large  and  intelligent 
a  class  as  American  Tanners  and  Leather  Dressers,  he  feels  confident 
of  their  substantial  support  and  encouragement. 

CONTENTS.— Introduction— Dignity  of  Labor— Tan  and  Tannin 
—Gallic  Acid— Extractive-Tanning  Materials— Oak  Barks— Barking 
of  Trees — Method  of  Estimating  the  Tanning  Power  of  Astringent 
Substances— Tan— The  Structure  and  Composition  of  Skin— Different 
Kinds  of  Skin  suitable  for  Tanning— Preliminary  Treatment  of  Skins 
— Tanning  Process — Improved  Processes — Vauquelin's  Process — Ac- 
celerating Processes— Keasley's,  Trumbull's,  Hibbard's,  and  Leprieur's 
Processes— Tanning  with  Extract  of  Oak-Bark—Hemlock  Tanning— 
With  Myrtle  Plant— English  Harness  Leather— Calf  Skins— Goat  and 
Sheep  Skins — Horse  Hides — Buck.  Wolf  and  Dog  Skins — Buffalo,  or 
"  Grecian"  Leather— Russia  Leather— Red  Skins— Wallachia  Leather 
— Mineral  Tanning — Texture  and  Quality  of  Leather,  and  the  means 
of  Discovering  its  Defects — Tawing — Hungary  Leather — Oiled  Leather 
—Tanning  as  practised  by  the  Mongol  Tartars— Shagreen— Parchment 
—Leather  Bottles— Tanning  of  Cordage  and  Sail  Cloth— Glazed  or 
"  Patent"  Leather — Helverson's  Process  for  Rendering  Hides  Hard 
and  Transparent — Currying — Currying  of  Calf  Skins — Currying  of 
Goat  Skins— Red  Leather— Fair  Leather— Water  Proof  Dressing- 
Perkins'  Machine  for  Pommelling  and  Graining  Leather — Splitting, 
Shaving,  Fleshing  and  Cleansing  Machines — Embossing  of  Leather — 
Gut  Dressing. 

Morfit,    A  Treatise  on  Chemistry 

APPLIED  TO  THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  SOAP  AND  CANDLES  ;  being 
a  Thorough  Exposition,  in  all  their  Minutiae,  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  Practice  of  the  Trade,  based  upon  the  most 
recent  Discoveries  in  Science  and  Art.  By  Campbell 
Morfit,  Professor  of  Analytical  and  Applied  Chemistry  in 
the  University  of  Maryland.  A  new  and  improved  edi- 
tion. Illustrated  with  260  Engravings  on  Wood.  Com- 
plete in  one  volume,  large  8vo $6.00 

CONTENTS.— CHAPTER  I.  The  History  of  the  Art  and  its  Rela- 
tions to  Science— II.  Chemical  Combination— III.  Alkalies  and  Alka- 
line Earths— IV.  Alkalimentary— V.  Acids— VI.  Origin  and  Ccfmposi- 
tion  of  Fatty  Matters— VII.  Saponifiable  Fats— Vegetable  Fats— Ani- 
mal Fats— Waxes— VIII.  Action  of  Heat  and  Mineral  Acids  of  Fatty 
Matters— IX.  Volatile  or  Essential  Oils,  and  Resins— X.  The  Proxi- 
mate Principles  of  Fats— Their  Composition  and  Properties— Basic 
Constituents  of  Fats— XI.  Theory  of  Saponification— XII.  Utensils 
Requisite  for  a  Soap  Factory — XIII.  Preparatory  Manipulations  in 
the  Process  of  Making  Soap— Preparation  of  the  Lyes— XIV.  Hard 

15 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS, 

Soaps— XV.  Soft  Soaps— XVI.  Soaps  by  the  Cold  Process— XVII.  Sili- 
cated  Soaps— XVIII.  Toilet  Soaps— XIX.  Patent  Soaps— XX.  Fraud 
and  Adulterations  in  the  Manufacture  of  Soap— XXI.  Candles— XXII. 
Illumination— XXIII.  Philosophy  of  Flame— XXIV.  Raw  Material 
for  Candles— Purification  and  Bleaching  of  Suet— XXV.  Wicks— XX  VI. 
Dipped  Candles— XXVII.  Moulded  Candles— XXVIII.  Stearin  Candles 
—XXIX.  Stearic  Acid  Candles—"  Star"  or  "  Adamantine"  Candles— 
Saponiflcation  by  Lime — Saponification  by  Lime  and  Sulphurous  Acid 
— Saponification  by  Sulphuric  Acid — Saponification  by  the  combined 
action  of  Heat,  Pressure  and  Steam — XXX.  Spermaceti  Candles— 
XXXI.  Wax  Candles— XXXII.  Composite  Candles— XXXIII.  Paraffin 
—XXXIV.  Patent  Candles— XXXV.  Hydrometers  and  Thermometers. 

Mortimer,    Pyrotechnist's  Companion; 

Or,  a  Familiar  System  of  Fire-works.  By  G.  W.  Morti- 
mer. Illustrated  by  numerous  Engravings.  12mo...  75 

Napier,    Manual  of  Electro-Metallurgy; 

Including  the  Application  of  the  Art  to  Manufacturing 
Processes.  By  James  Napier.  From  the  second  London 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  Illustrated  by  Engrav- 
ings. In  one  volume,  12mo $1.50 

Napier's  Electro-Metallurgy  .is  generally  regarded  as  the  very  best 
Practical  Treatise  on  the  Subject  in  the  English  Language. 

CONTENTS.— History  of  the  Art  of  Electro-Metallurgy—Descrip- 
tion of  Galvanic  Batteries,  and  their  respective  Peculiarities — Elec- 
trotype Processes— Miscellaneous  Applications  of  the  Process  of  Coat- 
ing with  Copper — Bronzing — Decomposition  of  Metals  upon  one 
another — Electro-Plating — Electro-Gilding — Results  of  Experiments 
on  the  Deposition  of  other  Metals  as  Coatings,  Theoretical  Observa- 
tions. 

Norris' s  Hand-book  for  Locomotive  Engineers 
and  Machinists; 

Comprising  the  Calculations  for  Constructing  Locomo- 
tives, Manner  of  setting  Valves,  etc.,  etc.  By  Septimus 
Norris,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer.  In  one  volume, 
12mo.,  with  Illustrations $1.50 

"  With  pleasure  do  we  meet  with  such  a  work  as  Messrs.  Norris 
and  Baird  have  given  us." — Artizan. 

"  In  this  work  he  has  given  us  what  are  called  '  the  secrets  of  the 
business,'  in  the  rules  to  construct  locomotives,  in  order  that  the  mil- 
lion should  be  learned  in  all  things."— Scientific  American. 

Nystrom,    A  Treatise  on  Screw-Propellers  and 
their  Steam-Engines ; 

With  Practical  Rules  and  Examples  by  which  to  Calcu- 
late and  Construct  the  same  for  any  description  of  Ves- 
sels. By  J.  W.  Nystrom.  Illustrated  by  over  thirty 
large  Working  Drawings.  In  one  volume,  octavo. ..$3. 50 
16 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 

Overman,    The  Manufacture  of  Iron  in  all  its 
Various  Branches; 

To  which  is  added  an  Essay  on  the  Manufacture  of  Steel. 
By  Frederick  Overman,  Mining  Engineer.  With  one 
hundred  and  fifty  Wood  Engravings.  Third  edition.  In 
one  volume,  octavo,  five  hundred  pages .'.$6.00 

"  We  have  now  to  announce  the  appearance  of  another  valuable 
work  on  the  subject,  which,  in  our  humble  opinion,  supplies  any  defi- 
ciency which  late  improvements  and  discoveries  may  have  caused, 
from  the  lapse  of  time  since  the  date  of  '  Mushet'  and '  Schrivenor.' 
It  is  the  production  of  one  of  our  Trans- Atlantic  brethren,  Mr.  Fred- 
erick Overman,  Mining  Engineer ;  and  we  do  not  hesitate  to  set  it 
down  as  a  work  of  great  importance  to  all  connected  with  the  iron  in- 
terests ;  one  which,  while  it  is  sufficiently  technological  fully  to  ex- 
plain chemical  analysis,  and  the  various  phenomena  of  iron  under 
different  circumstances,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  most  fastidious,  is 
written  in  that  clear  and  comprehensive  style  as  to  be  available  to  the 
capacity  of  the  humblest  mind,  and  consequently  will  be  of  much  ad- 
vantage to  those  works  where  the  proprietors  may  see  the  desirability 
of  placing  it  in  the  hands  of  their  operatives."— London  Mining 
Journal. 

Painter,  Gilder  and  Varnisher's  Companion; 

Containing  Rules  and  Regulations  in  every  thing  relating 
to  the  Arts  of  Painting,  Gilding,  Varnishing  and  Glass 
Staining  ;  with  numerous  useful  and  valuable  Receipts  ; 
Tests  for  the  detection  of  Adulterations  in  Oils  and 
Colors  ;  and  a  statement  of  the  Diseases  and  Accidents  to 
which  Painters,  Gilders  and  Varnishers  are  particularly 
liable,  with  the  simplest  methods  of  Prevention  and 
Remedy.  Eighth  edition.  To  which  are  added  Complete 
Instructions  in  Graining,  Marbling,  Sign  Writing,  and 
Gilding  on  Glass.  ,L2mo.,  cloth 75 

Paper-Hanger's  (The)  Companion; 

In  which  the  Practical  Operations  of  the  Trade  are  sys- 
tematically laid  down  ;  with  copious  Directions  Prepara- 
tory to  Papering  ;  Preventions  against  the  effect  of  Damp 
in  Walls  ;  the  various  Cements  and  Pastes  adapted  to 
the  several  purposes  of  the  Trade  ;  Observations  and  Di- 
rections for  the  Panelling  and  Ornamenting  of  Rooms, 
etc.,  etc.  By  James  Arrowsmith.  In  one  volume, 
12mo 75 

Practical  (The)  Surveyor's  Guide; 

Containing  the  necessary  information  to  make  any  per- 
son of  common  capacity  a  finished  Land  Surveyor,  with- 

17 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS, 

out  the  aid  of  a  Teacher.  By  Andrew  Duncan,  Land 
Surveyor  and  Civil  Engineer.  12mo 75 

Having  had  an  experience  as  a  Practical  Surveyor,  etc.,  of  thirty 
Shears,  it  is  believed  that  the  author  of  this  volume  possesses  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  wants  of  the  profession  ;  and  never  having  met  with 
any  work  sufficiently  concise  and  instructive  in  the  several  details 
necessary  for  the  proper  qualification  of  the  Surveyor,  it  has  been  his 
object  to  supply  that  want.  Among  other  important  matters  in  the 
book,  will  be  found  the  following : 

Instructions  in  levelling  and  profiling,  with  a  new  and  speedy  plan 
of  setting  grades  on  rail  and  plank  roads— the  method  of  inflecting 
curves — the  description  and  design  of  a  new  instrument,  whereby  dis- 
tances are  found  at  once,  without  any  calculation — a  new  method  of 
surveying  any  tract  of  land  by  measuring  one  line  through  it — a  geo- 
metrical method  of  correcting  surveys  taken  with  the  compass,  to  fit 
them  for  calculation— a  short  method  of  finding  the  angles  from  the 
courses,  and  vice  versa — the  method  of  surveying  with  the  compass 
through  any  mine  or  iron  works,  and  to  correct  the  deflections  of  the 
needle  by  attraction — description  of  an  instrument  by  the  help  of 
which  any  one  may  measure  a  map  by  inspection,  without  calculation 
—a  new  and  short  method  of  calculation,  wherein  fewer  figures  are 
used — the  method  of  correcting  the  diurnal  variation  of  the  needle 
—various  methods  of  plotting  and  embellishing  maps— the  most  cor- 
rect method  of  laying  off  plots  with  the  pole,  etc.— description  of  a 
new  compass  contrived  by  the  author,  etc.,  etc. 

Railroad  Engineer's  Pocket  Companion  for  the 
Field, 

By  W.  Griswold.     12mo.,  tucks $1.00 

Riddell,    The  Elements  of  Hand-Railing; 

Being  the  most  Complete  and  Original  Exposition  of  this 
Branch  of  Carpentry  that  has  appeared.  By  Robert 
Riddell.  Third  edition.  Enlarged  and  improved.  Il- 
lustrated by  22  large  plates.  4to.,  cloth $3.00 

Rural  Chemistry; 

An  Elementary  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Science, 
in  its  relation  to  Agriculture  and  the  Arts  of  Life.  By 
Edward  Solly,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Horticul- 
tural Society  of  London.  From  the  third  improved  Lon- 
don edition.  12mo $1.25 

Shunk,    A  Practical  Treatise 

ON  RAILWAY  CURVES,  AND  LOCATION  FOR  YOUNG  ENGINEERS. 
By  Wm.  F.  Shunk,  Civil  Engineer.  12mo $1.00 

Strength  and  Other  Properties  of  Metals; 

Reports  of  Experiments  on  the  Strength  and  other  Pro- 
18 


PUBLISHED  BY  HENEY  CABEY  BAIRD. 

perties  of  Metals  for  Cannon.  With  a  Description  of  the 
Machines  for  Testing  Metals,  and  of  the  Classification  of 
Cannon  in  service.  By  Officers  of  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment U.  S.  Army.  By  authority  of  the  Secretary  of 
War.  Illustrated  by  25  large  steel  plates.  In  one  vol- 
ume, quarto $10.00 

The  best  Treatise  on  Cast-iron  extant. 

Tables  Showing  the  Weight 

OP  ROUND,  SQUARE  AND  FLAT  BAR  IRON,  STEEL,  etc.,  by 
Measurement.  Cloth 50 

Taylor,    Statistics  of  Coal; 

Including  Mineral  Bituminous  Substances  employed  in 
Arts  and  Manufactures  ;  with  their  Geographical,  Geo- 
logical and  Commercial  Distribution,  and  Amount  of  Pro- 
duction and  Consumption  on  the  American  Continent. 
With  Incidental  Statistics  of  the  Iron  Manufacture.  By 
R.  C.  Taylor.  Second  edition,  revised  by  S.  S.  Halde- 
inan.  Illustrated  by  five  Maps  and  many  Wood  Engrav- 
ings. 8vo.,  cloth $6.00 

Templeton,      The  Practical  Examinator  on 
Steam  and  the  Steam  Engine ; 

With  Instructive  References  relative  thereto,  arranged 
for  the  use  of  Engineers,  Students,  and  others.  By  Wm. 
Templeton,  Engineer.  12mo 75 

This  work  was  originaMy  written  for  the  author's  private  use.  He 
was  prevailed  upon  by  various  Engineers,  who  had  seen  the  notes,  to 
consent  to  its  publication,  from  their  eager  expression  of  belief  that 
it  would  be  equally  useful  to  them  as  it  had  been  to  himself. 

Tin  and  Sheet  Iron  Worker's  Instructor; 

Comprising  complete  Descriptions  of  the  necessary  Pat- 
terns and  Machinery,  and  the  Processes  of  Calculating 
Dimensions,  Cutting,  Joining,  Raising,  Soldering,  etc., 
etc.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  (In press.) 

Treatise  (A)  on  a  Box  of  Instruments, 

And  the  Slide  Rule  ;  with  the  Theory  of  Trigonometry 
and  Logarithms,  including  Practical  Geometry,  Survey 
ing,  Measuring  of  Timber,  Cask  and  Malt  Gauging, 

19 


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Heights  and  Distances.  By  Thomas  Kentish.  In  one 
volume,  12mo $1.00 

A  volume  of  inestimable  value  to  Engineers,  Gaugers,  Students,  and 
others. 

Tnrnbull,    The  Electro-Magnetic  Telegraph; 

With  an  Historical  Account  of  its  Rise,  Progress,  and 
Present  Condition.  Also,  Practical  Suggestions  in  regard 
to  Insulation  and  Protection  from  the  Effects  of  Light- 
ning. Together  with  an  Appendix  containing  several 
important  Telegraphic  Devices  and  Laws.  By  Lawrence 
Turnbull,  M.  D.,  Lecturer  on  Technical  Chemistry  at  the 
Franklin  Institute.  Second  edition.  Revised  and  im- 
proved. Illustrated  by  numerous  Engravings.  8vo..$2.00 

Turner's  (The)  Companion; 

Containing  Instruction  in  Concentric,  Elliptic  and  Eccen- 
tric Turning  ;  also  various  Steel  Plates  of  Chucks,  Tools 
and  Instruments  ;  and  Directions  for  Using  the  Eccentric 
Cutter,  Drill,  Vertical  Cutter  and  Rest ;  with  Patterns 
and  Instructions  for  working  them.  12mo.,  cloth 75 

Bell,    Carpentry  Made  Easy; 

Or,  The  Science  and  Art  of  Framing,  on  a  New  and  Im- 
proved System  ;  with  Specific  Instructions  for  Building 
Balloon  Frames,  Barn  Frames,  Mill  Frames,  Warehouses, 
Church  Spires,  etc.  ;  comprising  also  a  System  of  Bridge 
Building  ;  with  Bills,  Estimates  of  Cost,  and  Valuable 
Tables.  Illustrated  by  38  plates,  comprising  nearly  200 
figures.  By  William  E.  Bell,  Architect  and  Practical 
Builder.  8vo $3.GO 


SOCIAL  SCIENCE. 

THE  WORKS  OF  HENRY  C.  CAREY. 


"  I  challenge  the  production  from  among  the  writers  on  political 
economy  of  a  more  learned,  philosophical,  and  convincing  speculator 
on  that  theme,  than  my  distinguished  fellow-citizen,  Henry  C.  Carey. 
The  works  he  has  published  in  support  of  the  protective  policy,  are 
remarkable  for  profound  research,  extensive  range  of  inquiry,  rare 
logical  acumen,  and  a  consummate  knowledge  of  history." — Speech  of 
Hon.  Edward  Joy  Morris,  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of  t/ie  United 
States,  February  2,  1869. 
20 


PUBLISHED   BY  HENRY  CAREY  BAIRD. 
THE  WORKS  OF  HENRY  C.  CAREY.    * 

"  Henry  C.  Carey,  the  best  known  and  ablest  economist  of  North 
America.  *****  In  Europe  he  is  principally  known  by  his 
striking  and  original  attacks,  based  upon  the  peculiar  advantages  of 
American  experience,  on  some  of  the  principal  doctrines,  especially 
Malthus'  '  Theory  of  Population'  and  Ricardo's  teachings.  His  views 
have  been  largely  adopted  and  thoroughly  discussed  in  Europe." — 
"  The  German  Political  Lexicon"  Edited  by  Bluntschli  and  Brater.  Leivsic, 
1858. 

"  We  believe  that  your  labors  mark  an  era  in  the  science  of  political 
economy.  To  your  researches  and  lucid  arguments  are  we  indebted 
for  the  explosion  of  the  absurdities  of  Malthus,  Say,  and  Ricardo,  in 
regard  to  the  inability  of  the  earth  to  meet  the  demands  of  a  growing 
population.  American  industry  owes  you  a  debt  which  cannot  be  re- 
paid, and  which  it  will  ever  be  proud  to  acknowledge. — From  a  Letter 
of  Hon.  George  W.  Scranton,  M.  C.,  Hon.  William  Jessup,  and  over  sixty 
influential  citizens  of  Luzeme  County,  Pennsylvania,  to  Henry  C.  Carey, 
April  3,  1859. 

Financial  Crises; 

Their  Causes  and  Effects.     8vo.,  paper 25 

French  and  American  Tariffs, 

Compared  in  a  Series  of  Letters  addressed  to  Mons.  M. 
Chevalier.  8vo.,  paper 15 

Harmony  (The)  of  Interests; 

Agricultural,    Manufacturing    and    Commercial.      8vo., 

paper 75 

Cloth $1.25 

"  We  can  safely  recommend  this  remarkable  work  to  all  who  wish 
to  investigate  the  causes  « f  the  progress  or  decline  of  industrial  com- 
munities."— Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Letters  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 

8vo.,  Paper 50 

Miscellaneous  Works; 

Comprising  "  Harmony  of  Interests,"  "Money,"  "Let- 
ters to  the  President,"  "French  and  American  Tariffs," 
and  "  Financial  Crises."  One  volume,  8vo.,  half  bound. 

$2.25 

Money;  A  Lecture 

Before  the  New  York  Geographical  and  Statistical  So- 
ciety. 8vo.,  paper 15 

21 


PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS, 
*    THE  WORKS  OF  HENRY  C.  CAREY. 

Past  (The),  the  Present,  and  the  Future, 

*8vo $2.00 

12mo * $1.25 

"  Full  of  important  facts  bearing  on  topics  that  are  now  agitating 
all  Europe.  *  *  *  These  quotations  will  only  whet  the  appetite 
of  the  scientific  reader  to  devour  the  whole  work.  It  is  a  book  full  of 
valuable  information." — Economist. 

"  Decidedly  a  book  to  be  read  by  all  who  take  an  interest  in  the  pro- 
gress of  social  science."— Spectator. 

"A  Southern  man  myself,  never  given  to  tariff  doctrines,  I  confess  to 
have  been  convinced  by  his  reasoning,  arid,  thank  Heaven,  have  not 
now  to  learn  the  difference  between  dogged  obstinacy  and  consistency. 
'  Ye  gods,  give  us  but  light !'  should  be  the  motto  of  every  inquirer 
after  truth,  but  for  far  different  and  better  purposes  than  that  which 
prompted  the  exclamation."—  The  late  John  S.  Skinner. 

"  A  volume  of  extensive  information,  deep  thought,  high  intelli- 
gence, and  moreover  of  material  utility." — London  Morning  Advertiser. 

"  Emanating  from  an  active  intellect,  remarkable  for  distinct  views 
and  sincere  convictions." — Britannia. 

"  «  The  Past,  Present,  and  Future,'  is  a  vast  summary  of  progressive 
philosophy,  wherein  he  demonstrates  the  benefit  of  political  economy 
in  the  onward  progress  of  mankind,  which,  ruled  and  directed  by  over- 
whelming influences  of  an  exterior  nature,  advances  little  by  little, 
until  these  exterior  influences  are  rendered  subservient  in  their  turn, 
to  increase  as  much  as  possible  the  extent  of  their  wealth  and  riches." 
— Dictionnaire  Universel  des  Contemporains.  Par  G.  Vapereau.  Paris, 
1858. 

Principles  of  Social  Science, 

Three  volumes,  8vo.,  cloth $7.50 

CONTENTS.— Volume  I.  Of  Science  and  its  Methods— Of  Man. 
the  Subject  of  Social  Science — Of  Increase  in  the  Numbers  of  Mankind 
—Of  the  Occupation  of  the  Earth— Of  Value— Of  Wealth— Of  the  For- 
mation of  Society — Of  Appropriation — Of  Changes  of  Matter  in  Place 
— Of  M  hanical  and  Chemical  Changes  in  the  Forms  of  Matter.  Vol- 
ume II.  Of  Vital  Changes  in  the  Form  of  Matter— Of  the  Instrument 
of  Association.  Volume  III.  Of  Production  and  Consumption — Of 
Accumulation— Of  Circulation— Of  Distribution— Of  Concentration 
and  Centralization— Of  Competition— Of  Population— Of  Food  and 
Population— Of  Colonization— Of  the  Malthusian  Theory— Of  Com- 
merce—Of the  Societary  Organization— Of  Social  Science. 

"  I  have  no  desire  here  to  reproach  Mr.  Malthus  with  the  extreme 
lightness  of  his  scientific  baggage.  In  his  day,  biology,  animal  and 
vegetable  chemistry,  the  relations  of  the  various  portions  of  the  hu- 
man organism,  etc.  etc.,  had  made  but  little  progress,  and  it  is  to  the 
general  ignorance  in  reference  to  these  questions  that  we  must,  as  I 


ness  becomes  now  so  clearly  manifest.  Mr.  Carey's  advantage  over 
him,  both  as  to  facts  and  logic,  is  certainly  due  in  great  part  to  the 
progress  that  has  since  been  made  in  all  the  sciences  connected  with 
life  ;  but  then,  how  admirably  has  he  profited  of  them  !  How  entirely 
is  he  au  courant  of  all  these  branches  of  knowledge  which,  whether 
22 


PUBLISHED  BY  HEJSTBY  CABBY  BAIRD. 
THE  WORKS  OF  HENRY  C.  CAREY. 

directly  or  indirectly,  bear  upon  his  subject !  With  what  skill  does  he 
ask  of  each  and  every  of  them  all  that  it  can  be  made  to  furnish, 
whether  of  facts  or  arguments !  With  what  elevated  views,  and 
what  amplitude  of  means,  does  he  go  forward  in  his  work  !  Above 
all,  how  thorough  in  his  scienflmc  caution  !  Accumulating  inductions, 
and  presenting  for  consideration  facts  the  most  undoubted  and  proba- 
bilities of  the  highest  kind,  he  yet  affirms  nothing,  contenting  himself 
with  showing  that  his  opponent  had  no  good  reason  for  affirming  the 
nature  of  the  progression,  nor  the  time  of  duplication,  nor  the  gene- 
ralization which  takes  the  facts  of  an  individual  case  and  deduces 
from  them  a  law  for  every  race,  every  climate,  every  civilization, 
every  condition,  moral  or  physical,  permanent  and  transient, 
healthy  or  unhealthy,  of  the  various  populations  of  the  many  coun- 
tries of  the  world.  Then,  having  reduced  the  theory  to  the  level  of  a 
mere  hypothesis,  he  crushes  it  to  atoms  under  the  weight  of  facts." — 
M.  De  Fonienay  in  the  "Journal  des  Economistes."  Paris,  September,  1862. 

"  This  book  is  so  abundantly  full  of  notices,  facts,  comparisons,  cal- 
culations, and  arguments,  that  too  much  would  be  lost  by  laying  a 
part  of  it  before  the  eye  of  the  reader.  The  work  is  vast  and  severe 
in  its  conception  and  aim,  and  is  far  removed  from  the  common  run 
of  the  books  on  similar  subjects."— 11  Hondo  Letterario,  Turin. 

"  In  political  economy,  America  is  represented  by  one  of  the 
strongest  and  most  original  writers  of  the  age,  Henry  C.  Carey,  of 
Philadelphia.  *********** 

"  His  theory  of  Rents  is  regarded  as  a  complete  demonstration  that 
the  popular  views  derived  from  Ricardo  are  erroneous  ;  and  on  the 
subject  of  Protection,  he  is  generally  confessed  to  be  the  master- 
thinker  of  his  country." — Westminster  Review. 

"  Both  in  America  and  on  the  Continent,  Mr.  Henry  Carey  has  ac- 
quired a  great  name  as  a  political  economist.  ***** 

"  His  refutation  of  Malthus  and  Ricardo  we  consider  most  triumph- 
ant."—London  Critic. 

"  Mr.  Carey  began  his  publication  of  Principles  twenty  years  ago  ; 
he  is  certainly  a  mature  and  deliberate  writer.  More  than  this,  he  is 
readable  :  his  pages  swarm  with  illustrative  facts  and  with  American 
instances.  ************ 

"  We  are  in  great  charity  with  books  which,  like  Mr.  Carey's,  theo- 
rize with  excessive  bold/iess,  Avhen  the  author,  as  does  Mr.  Carey, 
possesses  information  and  reasoning  power." — London  Athenceum. 

"  Those  who  would  fight  against  the  insatiate  greed  and  unscrupu- 
lous misrepresentations  of  the  Manchester  school,  which  we  have  fre- 
quently exposed,  without  any  of  their  organs  having  ever  dared  to 
m%ke  reply,  will  find'in  this  and  Mr.  Carey's  other  works  an  immense 
atore  of  arms  and  ammunition.  *****  *  * 

"  An  author  who  has,  among  the  political  economists  of  Germany 
and  France,  numerous  readers,  is  worth  attentive  perusal  in  Eng- 
land."—London  Statesman. 

.  "  Of  all  the  varied  answers  to  the  old  cry  of  human  nature, «  Who 
will  show  us  any  good?'  none  are  more  sententious  than  Mr.  Carey's. 
He  says  to  Kings,  Presidents,  and  People, '  Keep  the  nation  at  work, 
and  the  greater  the  variety  of  employments  the  better.'  He  is  seek- 
ing and  elucidating  the  great  radical  laws  of  matter  as  regards  man. 
He  is  at  once  the  apostle  and  evangelist  of  temporal  righteousness." 
— National  Intelligencer. 

"  A  work  which  we  believe  to  be  the  greatest  ever  written  by  an 
American,  and  one  which  will  in  future  ages  be  pointed  put  as  the 
most  successful  effort  of  its  time  to  form  the  great  scientia  scientiarum." 
—  Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin. 

23 


PKACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   BOOKS, 
THE  WORKS  OF  HENRY  C.  CAREY. 

The  Slave  Trade,  Domestic  and  Foreign; 

Why  it  Exists,  and  How  it  may  be  Extinguished.    12mo., 
cloth $1.25 

CONTENTS —The  Wide  Extent  of  Slavery-Of  Slavery  in  the 
British  Colonies— Of  Slavery  in  the  United  States— Of  Emancipation 
in  the  British  Colonies — How  Man  passes  from  Poverty  and  Slavery 
toward  Wealth  and  Freedom— How  Wealth  tends  to  Increase— How 
Labor  acquires  Value  and  Man  becomes  Free — How  Man  passes  from 
Wealth  and  Freedom  toward  Poverty  and  Slavery — How  Slavery 
grew,  and  How  it  is  now  maintained  in  the  West  Indies — How  Slavery 
/crew,  and  is  maintained  in  the  United  States — How  Slavery  grows  in 
Portugal  and  Turkey— How  Slavery  grows  in  India— How  Slavery 
grows  in  Ireland  and  Scotland — How  Slavery  grows  in  England — 
How  can  Slavery  be  extinguished]— How  Freedom  grows  in  Northern 
Germany — How  Freedom  grows  in  Russia — How  Freedom  grows  in 
Denmark— How  Freedom  grows  in  Spain  and  Belgium— Of  the  Duty 
of  the  People  of  the  United  States— Of  the  Duty  of  the  People  of  Eng- 
land. 

c(  As  a  philosophical  writer,  Mr.  Carey  is  remarkable  for  the  union 
of  comprehensive  generalizations  with  a  copious  induction  of  facts. 
His  research  of  principles  never  leads  him  to  the  neglect  of  details  ; 
nor  is  his  accumulation  of  instances  ever  at  the  expense  of  universal 
truth.  He  is,  doubtless,  intent  on  the  investigation  of  laws,  as  the 
appropriate  aim  of  science,  but  no  passion  for  theory  seduces  him 
Into  the  region  of  pure  speculation.  His  mind  is  no  less  historical 
than  philosophical,  and  had  he  not  chosen  the  severer  branch  in 
which  his  studies  have  borne  such  excellent  fruit,  he  would  have 
attained  an  eminent  rank  among  the  historians  from  whom  the  litera- 
ture of  our  country  has  received  such  signal  illustration."— New  York 
Tribune. 


French  Politico-Economic  Controversy, 

Between  the  Supporters  of  the  Doctrines  of  CAKEY  and 
of  those  of  RICARDO  and  MALTHUS.  By  MM.  De  Fontenay, 
Dupuit,  Baudrillart,  and  others.  Translated  from  the 
"Journal  des  Economistes,"  1862-63.  (In press.) 

Protection  of  Home  Labor  and  Home  Produc- 
tions 

Necessary  to  the  Prosperity  of  the  American  Farmer. 
By  H.  C.  Baird.  Paper 13 

Smith,    A  Manual  of  Political  Economy, 

By  E.  Peshine  Smith.     12mo.,  cloth $1.25 

24 


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